风蛍月缓缓2. 因果法常用词语
because, because of, since, for, owing to, thanks to, on account of, due to, be due to, be a consequence of, result from, be the result of; as a result, consequently, in consequence, therefore, accordingly, for this reason, so, thus, lead to, contribute to, result in, cause, be the reason for
V. Classification (分类法)
分类法多见于说明文或议论文的说明部分，它是指先把同一事物按一定标准分类，再分别进行详细说明的扩展方法。运用分类法时，应注意保持分类标准的统一性，不能在段落中间随意改动。例如：
There are three kinds of book owners. The first has all the standards of sets and best-sellers—unread, untouched. The second has a great many books—a few of them read through, most of them dipped into, but all of them as clean and shiny as the day they were bought. The third has a few books or many — every one of them dog-eared and dilapidated, shaken and loosened by continual use, marked and scribbled in from front to back.
本段采用分类法，按照藏书人所读书籍多寡的标准，把藏书人分为三大类进行具体说明。
Part Three Various Forms of Writing (from appreciation to production)
I. Wring based on topic sentences（段首句作文）
1. 写作技巧
1. 1 认真审清标题和主题句，仔细分析研究标题与各主题句之间的关系，把握全文的主题。
1.2 充分理解主题句，以明确每段的写作重点并弄清各段之间的逻辑关系，使主题表述清晰
流畅。
1.3 根据标题和主题句选择与其关系最密切、最具说服力、最容易表达的细节、例子等围绕
主题句进行扩展。
2. Sample
Directions: Write a composition entitled “My Idea of Internet” in three paragraphs. You are given the first sentence of each paragraph and are required to develop its
idea in completing the paragraph. Write no less than 120 words.
My Idea of Internet
Internet plays an important role in our life.
Yet, Internet is not flawless.
There is no doubt that Internet has contributed and will contribute greatly to our life.
2. 1 Appreciation
My Idea of Internet
Internet plays an important role in our life. When you surf the net, the world seems smaller than ever, and countries far away seem no farther than your hometown. Every hour, thousands of people, including young children, university students, scientists, businessmen, see various information through Internet. You can discuss international affairs, football games, or your viewpoint on love and marriage with known or unknown people. In this way, you may make some friends, who share common views with you. And what’s more, various meetings can also be held on the net. “What a wonder!” many people do exclaim. Indeed, Internet is one of the most wonderful human inventions.
Yet, Internet is not flawless. First, there are too much rubbish on the net. Some people are just over-enthusiastic to offer worthless information. This, in turn, has made it more and difficult to find what you want. Secondly, officials also find it hard to prevent Internet form the invasion of criminals. To some extent, it actually makes it more convenient to commit certain crimes. And sometimes the cost is so prohibiting to many Chinese people. So we can see, just like most other inventions, Internet has its own problems.
There is no doubt that Internet has contributed and will contribute greatly to our life. We should make full use of it while minimizing its negative effects. I think a stricter administration will be of considerable help in making better use of Internet.
2.2 Analysis
⑴Framework of the essay (文章框架结构)
Para. 1因特网的作用
TS (topic sentence) Internet plays … in our life.
DS (developing sentences)
1.When we surf … hometown.(作用一：世界变小)
2.Every hour … through Internet. （作用二：获取信息）
3.You can … with you. (作用三：交友)
4.And what’s more,… the net. (作用四：网上会议)
TrS (transitional sentence)“What a …” do exclaim.
CS (concluding sentence) Indeed, Internet … inventions.
Para. 2因特网的局限/问题
TS: Yet, Internet is not flawless.
DS: 1. First… you want. (问题一)
2. Second, … crimes. (问题二)
3. And sometimes… Chinese. (问题三)
Para. 3因特网之我见
TS: There is no doubt… in our life.
DS: 1.We should make … in our life. (建议一)
2.I think … effects. (建议二)
⑵Useful Pattern Drills
1.When you surf the net, the world seems smaller than ever, and countries far away seem n
farther than your hometown.
2.Second, officials also find it hard to prevent Internet from the invasion of criminals.
3.I think a stricter administration will be of great help in making better use of Internet.
⑶Choice of Words
1.And what’s more
2.in turn
3. negative
4.be of help(c.f. be helpful)
5.exclaim(c.f.. cry)
6.convenient(c.f. easy)
7.minimize(c.f. reduce)
3. Production
Practice One
The Importance of Education
The prosperity of a nation depends on the development of education.
Education is also vital to the development of an individual.
Some people, however, are still ignorant of the importance of education.
Practice Two
Why Do People Like to Buy Lottery
Nowadays some people tend to try their luck on lottery tickets and dream to win the big prize.
There are many purposes for these crazy lottery-goers who can’t resist buying some lottery tickets whenever they see them.
As far as I am concerned, lottery is a kind of public drive, which benefits the society.
II. Writing based on Chinese outlines （汉语提纲作文）
1.写作技巧
1.1审好标题，仔细推敲提纲思路，确定提纲所隐含的文章主题，不要遗漏甚至违背提纲规
范的文章要求。
1.2 充分利用提纲信息写好每段的主题句。主题句应紧扣主题、言简意赅。
1.3根据标题、提纲和主题句选择与其关系最密切、最具说服力且最容易表达的细节、例子
等围绕主题句进行扩展。
2. Sample
Directions：Write a composition on the topic “Future of China’s Football” according to the following outline (given in Chinese). Your composition should be no less than
120 words.
Outline:
1.中国足球的现状。
2.中国足球的进步与不足。
3.对足球的展望。
2.1 Appreciation
Future of China’s Football
Currently football is the world’s No. 1 sport. Billions of Chinese people are watching the World Cups almost each time, but unfortunately, the Chinese team almost fails in the Asian qualifications, let alone entering the World Cups. What an agony for every Chinese! However, we should never accept such defeat as final but rise to fight again.
We have to see football in a new light. On the one hand, our team is still rather weak. We lack for a galaxy of world-class stars and qualified coaches with much winning experience in international games. Moreover, strong teams are often firmly supported by powerful economy. The developing China cannot afford big football funds yet. On the other hand, we have made great leaps in our football league; professional football has become one of the world’s largest industries, backed by millions of fans. And the last but not the least problem is that our Asian rivals have also made bigger progress.
China’s football will have a bright future. With the rapid growth of our economy, this sport has been attracting more money and better coaches even from abroad and a growing number of football fans as well. We believe that our football team will be getting much stronger in the near future.
2.2 Analysis
⑴Framework of the essay
Para. 1 中国足球的现状
TS: Currently football … No. 1 sport. (引出主题)
DS: 1. Billions of … World Cups.（中国足球的处境）
2. What an agony … Chinese! (中国人民的苦恼)
Para. 2以新的角度看待我们的足球
TS: We have … a new light.
DS: 1. On the one hand,… fund yet. (角度一：不足之处)
2. On the other hand, … fans. (角度二：中国足球的进步)
3. And the last … bigger progress. (角度三：其他国家的足球也在进步) Para. 3对足球的展望
TS: China’s football … bright future. (中国足球的未来)
DS: 1. With the … as well. (外援和经济的支持)
2. We believe … near future. (寄予希望)
⑵Useful Pattern Drills
1.However, we should never accept such defeat as final but rose to fight again.
2.On the other hand, we have made great leaps in our football league; professional football
has become one of the world’s largest industries, backed by millions of fans.
3.With the rapid growth of our economy, this sport has been attracting more money and
better coaches even from abroad and a growing number of football fans as well.
⑶Choice of Words
1.let alone
2.agony(c.f. suffering)
3.in a … light 4 . galaxy (c.f. famous people)
5.make great leaps in (c.f. make progress in)
6.back(Vt.)
3.Production
Practice One
It Pays to be Honest
1.当前社会上存在许多不诚实的现象。
2.诚实利人利己，做人应该诚实。
Practice Two
Knowledge and Certificates
1.人们常把知识和文凭联系在一起。
2.然而，一个有丰富知识的人并不意味着就应该有张文凭。
3.我们也不应该想当然地认为有文凭的人就一定有学问。
III. Writing based on key words given （关键词作文）
1.写作技巧
1.1 认真审清标题，对要写的短文主题、内容和结构有一个大致的安排。
1.2 把关键词和标题结合起来研究，判断短文的中心思想。
1.3 结合关键词的给出顺序和短文中心，确定各词语间的逻辑关系和内容层次，然后分好
段落并拟好提纲。
1.4 关键词的使用上有两点值得注意：
⑴全部用上，不要遗漏。
⑵不要顾此失彼：只考虑词语使用而忽视了整篇短文的一致性、连贯性和条理性。
2.Sample
Directions: Write a composition entitled “Fake Diplomas” based on the following words and phrases given.
Key words: problem, practical abilities, disorder, do harm to, eliminate, keep detailed record of, punish, cope with, prohibit
2.1 Appreciation
Fake Diplomas
It’s reported that fake diplomas have become a very serious problem in the personnel market nowadays. The prospective employers put too much emphasis on the job seekers’educational background, and neglect their practical abilities. As a result, all kinds of fake diplomas and certificates come into being to meet this abnormal phenomenon in our society. Therefore, fake diplomas disorder the job and employment markets and even do harm to the society.
