风蛍月缓缓1.3 确立写作要点
大学英语作文所涉及内容均为日常生活、科技、社会和文化等。对这些话题大学生们虽然熟悉，但因字数所限，审题的时候，应该把握文章中心思想，限定话题范围，明确写作重点，其后再进行扩充展开，这样的文章才能思路清晰，主题明确，阐述充分。例如：
“Women in the Modern World”(1987.6)，可以采用议论文的形式，以Women today are playing an increasingly important role both in the family, yet facing many difficulties and obstacles为中心来写作，重点应放在important role和difficulties上，可以首先着重论述妇女在各行各业中发挥越来越大的作用，然后提出妇女在家庭中的地位也有所提高，最后总结妇女们要争取完全的平等，还面临许多困难和障碍，需要克服。
范文：Women in the Modern World
Women are playing an increasingly important role in society. Successful women who are government officials, scientists, athletes, teachers and doctors can be found everywhere. It is fair to say that many jobs that used to be dominated by men can now be done equally well by women. Women are making their influence felt in all walks of life.
With the changes in their social role, women’s position in the fami ly has been improved as well. The husband is no longer the only bread-earner in the family. Both husband and wife cope with the problems of daily life together and share happiness with each other.
In spite of these changes, women still face many difficulties and obstacles due to their traditional roles and limited economic strength. Women still have a long way to go in their struggle for complete equality with men.
2. 构思
通过审题弄清楚题目要求之后，来对如何按照要求形成文章做一
方法（举例法、列举法、对比法等）和语言形式（正式、非正式）等。
3.
是对文章内容的一个整体规划。事实上，写提纲就是审题构思
段落分配、内容安排等落实到笔头，以保证写正文的时候思路清楚。如：所给作文的题目是“Harmfulness of Fake Commodities”。根据审题，可以明确本篇主题是：假冒产品的危害性极大，用议论文体裁来写。写作要点：假冒产品泛滥的现象、假冒产品对社会和人民生活带来的各种危害以及假冒产品问题的解决。根据以上
写作结构和内容可列出如下简要的提纲：
第一段现象及其原因
第二段危害1：影响企业的效益和信誉
危害2：给个人带来麻烦甚至危险
第三段总结强调危害的严重，呼吁政府和个人解决、防范。
范文：Harmfulness of Fake Commodities
Nowadays in the society, there are an enormous number of fake commodities. They have found their ways into almost every store and supermarket. The deep root of this phenomenon lies in some people’s greed for money. In order to make big sums of money, they try every possible means to produce fake commodities, without any regard for other people’s benefit and health.
Fake commodities can do serious harm to both consumers and society. Compared with the genuine products, they have more attractive prices, which, without doubt, causes great economic losses to the manufacturers of genuine-products. Furthermore, fake commodities are also detrimental to consumers. For instance, not long ago some consumers were reported to have died from drinking fake wine.
So fake commodities are a serious problem in our society and deserve attention from people in all walks of life. The authorities should redouble their efforts to prohibit the production and sale of fake commodities. Also, consumers should be on guard against the temptation from the cheaper fake commodities and be careful not to waste money on them.
4. 写正文
写正文应把重点放在选择适当的写作策略和准确的语言运用上，大学英语作文常见题型——段首句作文、汉语提纲作文、关键词作文、情景作文、图表作文都有各自独特的写作策略和语言技巧（参见Part Three Various Forms of Writing）。
5. 检查修改
这一步骤包括内容和语言，应更加侧重于语言方面的检查。
1)内容方面
⑴每个段落是否切题。
⑵观点是否明确。
⑶段落主题句是否准确。
⑷段落扩展句是否紧扣段落中心思想。
⑸段落首尾是否照应。
⑹段落之间、句子之间是否有较强的条理性、逻辑性。
⑺说理是否充分，是否提供了充分具体的论据、事例。
2)语言方面：
⑴是否有语法错误：主谓是否一致、动词时态是否正确一致、用词形式是否有误等。
⑵单词拼写是否有错、词汇运用是否准确。
⑶句式是否多样，搭配是否合理。
⑷是否有过渡词语的使用。
⑸书写格式是否规范。
6. 写作时间分配
可根据以下通常采用的时间分配方案，结合个人情况，找到最适合自己的写作节奏。
审题、构思——3分钟拟订提纲——5分钟
正文写作——20分钟检查、修改——2分钟
Part Two Methods of Developing Paragraphs
段落的扩展方式多种多样，其中举例法、列举法、比较法、因果法、分类法等五种方法在大学英语写作中较为常见。
I. Exemplification (举例法)
1. 举例法的含义
举例法是指使用具体事例、论据等对论点予以论证或阐述的方法。运用举例法时，所举事例可以是个人经历，名人逸事或日常事例，但都应具有可信、典型的特征。例如：In recent years, many Chinese schools and colleges have been suffering an acute shortage of teaching staff. According to a study, there are 100 candidates competing for every vacancy in big companies, whereas there are only ten applicants for a school where one teacher might be needed. （引用数据举例）
Indeed, anyone who wishes to make his life pleasant, efficient and successful will find it wise to “work while he works, play while he plays”. For example, when I am engaged in writing a passage now, I must do it with full concentration and should not think of going shopping with my roommates this afternoon. If my mind is focused on the writing, I will surely do it more smoothly with fewer mistakes and will get a good grade.（用个人经历举例）2. 举例法常用词语
for example, for instance, as another example, such as, like, be example(s) of, take …as an example, illustrate, show, prove, (e.g. The story he told about her illustrates/shows/proves her generosity very clearly.)
II. Listing (列举法)
1. 列举法的含义
列举法是指在扩展部分列举出一系列论据或原因等对主题句中提出的论点进行说明、论证的方法。运用列举法时，注意不能简单地罗列出所准备的细节，而要按照一定的逻辑顺序来安排多个例证的排列顺序，比如是按照时间顺序、空间顺序、还是主次顺序等。例如：
Young children should spend most of their time playing because it will offer them more advantages than will formal schooling at that age.[topic sentence] To begin with, a child who spends his early years out of school can learn many things that formal schooling does not teach, such as how to take care of himself and how to cope with an ever-expanding world. In addition, he will have a better opportunity to develop a good relationship with his family.
Another reason not to send a child to school too early is that he may not be ready. If he is not prepared to deal with the rules and the pressure of schoolwork, he may become discouraged and develop a negative attitude toward school. Last but not the least, children can learn many beneficial things through play. By having fun while learning, they not only gain knowledge, but develop curiosity and a desire to learn.
2. 列举法常用词语
as follows, in the following way, first/to begin with/for one thing, second, third, next, then, finally…
III. Comparison and Contrast (比较对照法)
1. 比较对照法的含义
比较对照法由比较和对照两部分组成，分别用来阐述两种或更多事物之间的相同或不同之处，从而使各个事物的特点更为突出。比较侧重相同点，对照着重不同点。在说明文、议论文写作中，比较和对照可以分开使用，也可以结合在一起使用。运用比较对照法时，可以先说一方再说另一方，即AABB的模式；也可以是双方同时展开，相互交替，即ABAB模式。例如：
There are both similarities and differences between movies and TV. For one thing, the first form of movies and TV were both in black and white. Besides, they both carry information. Furthermore, they both bring entertainment to people. And they both educate people and enrich people’s life. However, there also exist some differences between movies and TV. In the first place, they are different in their history. Movies have been with us for a longer time than TV. In the second place, movies have mainly low forms from the perspective of content, feature films and documentary films, whereas TV covers a wide range of subjects, from news report, educational programs, recreation, sports, music to TV series and even films. And finally, movies usually have to be seen in a cinema, while TV can be enjoyed at home.
本段结合比较法和对照法，论述了movies和TV两个事物的异同，采用先说相同点，后说不同点，将两事物同时逐点比较对照的方法。
2. 比较对照法常用过渡词语
⑴比较常用过渡词语
resemble, be the same as, be like, be equal to, be comparable to, be as …as, both …and, neither …nor, not only …but also…, similarly, in the same way, likewise, correspondingly, like
⑵对照法常用过渡词语
not as…as, contrast with, differ from, be different from, although, whereas, while, however, nonetheless, nevertheless, yet, still, but, on the other hand, on the contrary, in contrast, unlike, contrary to, in contrast to, in opposition to
IV. Cause and Effect (因果法)
1. 因果法的含义
因果法是指通过对事物或现象的原因分析，找出事物发展的因果联系的扩展方法。
运用因果法时，可采用先因后果或先果后因两种模式；若有多个原因且有主次之分时，可考虑按照从主到次或从次到主的顺序来阐述各项内容。例如：
Some countries have banned smoking in many public places and office buildings, and they see strong reasons for this. The first and most important reason is that while limits on smoking restrict the rights of smokers, smoking itself affects the rights of non-smokers. Studies have shown that second-hand smoke can have a harmful effect on the health of non-smokers. Second, aside from the long-term health effects of second-hand smoke, it can have very serious immediate consequences for those who are allergic to it. Third, the ashes and cigarette butts left behind by smokers are another form of pollution. They dirty our environment and, as taxpayers, we must all pay for the cleanup of our public places.
本段以先果后因的形式展开。主题句（第一句）先提出事实，即有些国家已经禁止在许多公共场所吸烟，并用关键词reason引导出造成这一事实的三个理由，并根据其重要性上按照从主到次的顺序依次表达。
