烈酒与故事专题一 句子成分
1.主语：动作的发出者，或：一个句子中的陈述对象。 He laughed.
Swimming is interesting. 拓展： He laughs best who laughs last. （人称代词和关系代词） Swimming is interesting. （动名词作主语） His words are true. （名词作主语） What he said is true. （主语从句） 2.谓语：主语所发出的动作或具有的特征和状态。 He is lying on the ground. （动词作谓语,表示：主语状态） 拓展： He is crying now. （谓语动词：现在进行时） I have seen the movie before. （谓语动词：现在完成时） 3.宾语：动作的对象或承受者或内容。 I love English. 拓展： I love him. （代词作宾语） I love dancing. （动名词作宾语） I want to see you. （不定式作宾语） I believe your words. （名词作宾语） I believe what you said. （从句，即宾语从句） 4.宾补：补充、说明宾语的成分。 He gradually found English interesting. We all choose him monitor. 拓展： He gradually found English interesting. （形容词） We all choose him monitor. （名词） The hotel makes me at ease. （介词短语） The teacher told me to leave at once. （不定式） Can you see the girl dancing over there? （现在分词） I saw the boy taken to the office. （过去分词） 1
怎么辨别“主—谓—宾—宾”和“主—谓—宾—宾补”？ 宾语和宾补之间其实是主谓关系。 He calls me uncle.[→I am his uncle] I saw him taken away.[→He was taken away.] I found him in the room.[→He was in the room.] 而两个宾语之间不存在主谓关系： He gave me a book.[不能理解为：*I am a book.] 5.表语：说明主语的身份、特征、状态的成分,位于系动词后面。 He is a teacher. He is tired. 拓展： He is a teacher. (名词) My hobby is swimming. (动名词) He looks nice. (形容词) My suggestion is that you start at once. (表语从句) 表语通常位于系动词后。英语中有哪些系动词呢？ “是”:be, prove, turn out; remain; stay; keep; “变得”：become, get, turn, go, fall; “感官”:feel, smell, sound, taste, look, seem, appear 系动词具有哪些特征呢？ ①后面通常跟形容词不跟副词。比较： She looks beautiful. She sings beautifully. ②不用被动形式。 错误：The dish is tasted delicious. 正确：The dish tastes delicious. 错误：Tasted nice, the dish was eaten up quickly. 正确：Tasting nice, the dish was eaten up quickly. 6.定语：修饰制名词的成分。 He is a careful driver. 拓展： Our chemistry teacher put a kind of chemical substance on the desk. （名词；形容词） 2
He is a careful driver. （形容词） He is a driver who drives carefully. （定语从句） I know the boy wearing a jacket. （现在分词短语） I like the boy who is wearing a jacket. （定语从句） I like the books written by Lu Xun. （过去分词短语） I like the books that were written by Lu Xun. （定语从句） 7.状语：修饰制动词、形容词和句子的成分。 I visited the Great Wall yesterday. (时间状语) 拓展： He studies hard. (副词) He could dance at the age of seven. (介词短语) He could dance when he was seven. (从句) I am sorry for coming late. (介词短语) I am sorry because I am late. (从句) 8.同位语：句子中指代同一事物的另外一个名词短语或名词性从句。 I am Li Hua, Chairman of the Students’ Union. （名词作同位语）
The fact that the earth moves around the sun is well-known. （同位语从句作同位语） 拓展： Yesterday I met Tom, a friend of mine. (名词短语) We students should respect teachers. (名词短语) Longhu Lake, the largest lake in Henan, attracts many visitors every year. (名词短语) He made a promise that he would give me a bike on my birthday. ( 同位语从句) 判断同位语：若两个名词性成分之间加个be成立，则二者为同位关系。 9.插入语：插入语是插在句子中独立于其他成分的一个词、短语、或从句。 Reading will, no doubt, enlarge your vocabulary. 拓展： Generally/ In general/ Generally speaking, the more you eat, the fatter you will be. To make matters worse, he failed again. Reading, no doubt, can broaden our horizons. 插入语通常被逗号、破折号或句子的其他部分隔开,与句子的其他部分之间没有语法上的关系。
专题二 简单句
1.简单句：只有一个主语部分和谓语部分的句子叫简单句。有五大基本句型：
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①主—谓：He left.
②主—谓—宾：He left Beijing.
③主—谓—宾—宾：He left his son a large fortune.
④主—谓—宾—宾补：The earthquake left many people homeless. ⑤主—系—表：He is tall. “系—表”结构也叫谓语部分。 拓展： 不难看出：一个简单句，有且仅有一个谓语动词。 2.省略句
在口语中，上文已经出现的信息或者谈话双方都知道的信息不必重复；这就形成了省略句。 下面的句子属于哪种句型？ ① Good idea! ② Good morning! ③ Sounds great! ④ How clever! ⑤ Any other questions? ⑥ Stand up! 【答案】
①“主—系—表”，前面省略了It is a ②“主—系—表”，前面省略了It is a ③“主—系—表”，前面省略了It ④“主—系—表”，后面省略了you are ⑤“主—谓—宾”，前面省略了Do you have ⑥“主—谓”，前面省略了You
Test 1 压缩句子
找句子主干；判断简单句的“五大基本句型”。 1. The naughty boy, after hearing the news, left angrily.
2. Li Hua, chairman of the Students’ Union, gave a wonderful speech yesterday. 3. My dear mother, to my surprise, bought me an expensive bike on my birthday.
Test 2 单句改错
语法规则：一个句子必须有一个谓语动词。“群龙不可无首！ 1. My computer on the desk.
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2. Today Monday.
3. Look! The girl dancing over there. 4. That book written by Lu Xun. 5. My school near my home.
【答案】1.computer后加is；2.Today后加is；3.girl后加is；4.book后加was；5.school后加is。
Test 3 单句改错
语法规则：一个句子不能超过一个谓语动词。“一山不容二虎”！ 1. Learn English is hard. 2. Play basketball is my hobby. 3. I want see you. 4. I am like English.
【答案】1.Learn→Learning；2.Play→Playing；3.see→to see； 4. am 重要的事情说三遍：一个简单句，有且仅有一个谓语动词。 拓展： 【误】Today is Sunday, we have no classes. 【正】Today being Sunday, …. 【误】Weather permits, we will pay a visit to the park. 【正】Weather permitting, …. 【误】There are fifty students in our class, half of them are girls. 【正】There are fifty students in our class, half of them being girls. 【误】Class was over, all the students went home. 【正】Class being over,… 【误】Their homework had been finished, they went home. 【正】Their homework finished,… 以上由“名词+非谓语动词”结构，叫独立主格结构。
专题三 复合句
I.两个或多个简单句，由连词连接起来的后组成的句子叫复合句。
II.由并列连词and； but；yet；or；for(因为)；so(所以)；while（而）连接的两个或多个句子，叫并列复合句；简称并列句。
He likes English but/and/while I like Chinese.
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He put on his clothes and went out.
III.由从属连词hen；while（当…时）；what；because；as；since；after；even if；before；until；although；though等连接的两个或多个句子，叫从属复合句。 I have lived in China since I was born. （时间状语从句）
Because it rained yesterday, many students were absent. （原因状语从句） This is the best film that I have ever seen. (定语从句) 拓展： 为什么两个句子要有连词连接？ 逗号表示停顿，没有连接作用；当然，分号、破折号可以连接两个句子。 【误】Today is Sunday, we have no classes. 【正】Today is Sunday, so/and ….（并列句） 【正】Because today is Sunday,….（原因状语从句） 【误】Weather permits, we will pay a visit to the park. 【正】If weather permits, …（条件状语从句） 【误】There are fifty students in our class, half of them are girls. 【正】There are fifty students in our class, and…(并列句) 【正】There are fifty students in our class, half of whom are girls. 【误】Class was over, all the students went home. 【正】Class was over, and/so…（并列句） 【正】Because class was over, all the students…（原因状语从句） 构句原则：如果没有连词连接，逗号不能连接两个简单句。
专题四 谓语动词和非谓语动词
谓语动词 形式（时态和语态） do/ does 充当谓语。 be doing 6
非谓语动词 功能 to do to be done 形式 功能 充当谓语之外的成分： 主语； will do would do have done had done will be doing will be done has been done had been done to be doing to have done to have been done 宾语； 定语； 状语； 补语； 表语； doing being done having done having been done 同位语； 插入语。 done Test 1语法填空
1. Look! The girl _____(go) upstairs.
2. Look! Can you see the girl _____(go) upstairs? 3. The books ____(write) by Lu Xun. 4. I like the books ____(write) by Lu Xun.
【答案】1.is going 2.going 3.were written 4.written
解题策略：一个简单句如果没有谓语动词，则一定填谓语动词形式；如果有谓语动词，则填非谓语动词。
Test 2翻译练习
1.这个孩子正在睡觉。 2.这个孩子假装正在睡觉。 3.老师发现这个孩子正在睡觉。 4.这个问题正在讨论中。
5.我们都在关注正在讨论中的这个问题。 6.演讲比赛明天在我校举行。
7.我想要请您参加明天在我校举行的演讲比赛。
Keys
1.The child is sleeping.
2.The child pretended to be sleeping. 3.The teacher found the child sleeping. 4.The question is being discussed.
5.All of us are concerned about the question being discussed.
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6.The speech contest will be held in your school tomorrow.
7.I would like to invite you to attend the speech contest to be held in our school tomorrow
专题五 非谓语动词
非谓语动词充当谓语之外的成分。 I.作主语。
①Doing +谓语部分：Learning English is easy. ②To do+谓语部分：To learn English is easy. ③It is + adj. + to do：It is easy to learn English. ④It is no use doing：It is no use crying over spilt milk. II.作宾语。
①表示未来动作用to do。下面动词后常跟不定式： agree 同意做 choose 宁愿做 remember 记住去做 regret很遗憾要做 expect 期待做 offer 主动提出做 plan 计划做 stop停下来去做
pretend 假装要做 promise 答应做 refuse 拒绝做 wish 希望做 decide 决定做 prepare 准备做 want 想要做 try试图做
determine 决心做 afford 负担得起做 manage 设法做成 afford 负担得起做 hesitate 做…犹豫 remember记得要过
②表示过去动作用doing。下面动词后常跟动名词： escape逃脱 admit承认做 remember记得做过
regret做了…后悔 forget做过但忘了 appreciate感激做
miss错过做
③表示经常性的动作、或者发生时间不太明确的动作也用doing。下面动词后常跟动名词： give up放弃做 stop停止做 risk冒险做 finish完成做 delay推迟做
enjoy喜爱做 imagine想象做 avoid避免做 keep继续做
suggest /advise建议做
recommend 建议做 permit/allow 允许做 mind 介意做 consider 考虑做 try尝试
④表示正在进行的动作用to be doing。下面动词后常跟动名词：
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pretend假装 III.作定语。
happen碰巧 seem似乎
①表示未来动作→to do：I have many questions to ask.
②表示未来的被动动作→to be done：There are many problems to be solved. ③表示正在进行的动作→doing：Do you know the boy singing in the next room?
④表示正在进行的被动动作→being done：The problem being discussed now is very important. ⑤表示经常性、或者发生时间不太明确的动作→doing：She is dancing girl. ⑥表示功能→doing：Where is the nearest dancing hall？
⑥表示完成的动作→done：The retired worker, lying on the fallen leaves, is drinking boiled water. ⑦表示完成而且被动的动作→done：The problem discussed yesterday is very important. IV.作状语：
①表示未来动作→to do→多为目的状语：To go to a key university， he works very hard。
②表示未来的被动动作→to be done：To be accepted to a key university, he works hard. ③表示正在进行的、或者与谓语动词同时发生的动作→doing：
Seeing the teacher, she blushed.
Not knowing her number I wrote her a letter. She went to school, singing cheerfully all the way.
④表示正在进行的被动动作→being done：
Being interviewed by some reporters, I have no time to see you.
注意：如果done已经形容词化了，作状语时不可以→being： Born and brought up in a rural area, he knows family very well.
⑤表示完成的动作→having done：Have you finished their homework, the students went home. ⑥表示完成而且被动的动作→done或having been done：
Encouraged by the teacher, he works even harder.
Haing been encouraged by the teacher he works even harder.
V.作补语：
①表示未来动作→to do或do：
advise sb. to建议 allow sb. to允许
ask sb. to 请（叫） beg sb. to请求
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cause sb. to导致 drive sb. to驱使
expect sb. to期望 forbid sb. to禁止 force sb. to强迫 get sb. to使（要） invite sb. to邀请
have sb. do让 注意：
permit sb. to允许 persuade sb. to说服 teach sb. to教 tell sb. to告诉 intend sb. to打算 make sb. do让
mean sb. to打算 want sb. to想要 wish sb. to希望 remind sb. to提醒 order sb. to命令 let sb. do让
千万不要说hope/demand sb. to；
expect，suppose，require多用于被动语态结构： be expected to do有望 be supposed to应该 be required to被要求
②表示正在进行的、或者与谓语动词同时发生的动作→doing：
feel sb. doing感觉 hear sb. doing听见 listen to sb. doing听 ③表示动作的整个过程→do：
feel sb. do感觉 hear sb. do听见 listen to sb. do听 ④表示被动的动作→done：
see sth. done find sth. done
make oneself understood keep sb. informed
有时候也可以用to be done： want sth. (to be) done想要
want sth. (to be) done打算 keep sth. updated get sth. done have sth. done leave sth. untouched
see sb. do看见 watch sb. do看到 notice sb. do注意到
help sb. (to)do帮助
see sb. doing看见 watch sb. doing看到 notice sb. doing注意
catch sb. doing逮住 leave /keep sb. doing使...一直做
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