没有之后Student Exercise for Practicing Refutation A. Present a video of a brief argument or have a student orally present a brief argument. B. Divide students into small groups and have them prepare refutation of the argument. C. Have each group select a member to present the refutation to the larger group. 学生练习：驳论 I. 播放一段简短的论辩录像或请学生提出一段简短立论。 Ⅱ. 把学生分成若干小组，准备对以上的立论进行反驳。 Ⅲ. 每组选出一名代表向全班阐释 反驳观点。 Constructing Arguments for the Opposition 组织反方论辩 Principles of Constructing Arguments for the Opposition 反方论辩的基本原则 I. Common kinds of opposition arguments I. 反方论辩的一般形式 A. The plan will not reduce the problem described by the A．正方提案并不能缓解正方提出的问题。 proposition team. 1. 重述正方提出的问题。 1. Name the problem described by the proposition team. 2. 指出正方提案不能解决问题。 2. Show how that problem (or problems) will a. 起因分析错误：问题不是由现行政策引起continue even with the proposition’s policy. a. Wrong cause: the problem is caused by 的，而是另有缘由。 something other than the current policy. b. 起因分析片面：尽管现行政策可能是问题的 b. Alternate cause: although the current 起因之一，但即使实行了正方提出的方案，policy may be one cause of the problem, there are other factors that will result in 别的因素仍会导致这些问题。 the problem even if the proposition’s plan is adopted. B. The plan will create more problems than current policies. 1. Describe some element of the proposition policy. What part of the proposition’s policy are you going to argue against? Relate that element to some effect. Create argument showing the element of the proposition policy creates some effect. Evaluate that effect. Show how that effect will have negative consequences. 2. 3. B. 正方提案将引发更多问题。 1. 陈述正方提案中你要反驳的一些内容 2. 指出被驳内容将会引发的后果。 3. 指出该后果的负面效应。 Sample Arguments for the Opposition I. The plan will not reduce the problem of coal mine accidents A. B. The proposition team claims to reduce coal mine accidents. Increasing fines will cause coal mine operators to cover up accidents 1. Chinese coal mine operators routinely cover up accidents and fatalities at their facilities to avoid government scrutiny and fines even under the present system. Increasing those fines will just encourage the coal mine operators to get better at covering up their crimes-it will do nothing to encourage them to keep their workers safe 2. II. The plan will create energy shocks. A. The plan of the proposition increases fines on coal mining companies. B. These fines will reduce the production of coal in China 1. In order to avoid fines, mines will have to implement costly safety procedures 2. Mines that can't afford implementation will have to shut down. 3. Mines that CAN afford the safety procedures will have to slow production in the short term while training takes place. 4. Thus, these shutdowns and slowdowns will reduce the production of coal in China 示例：反方论辩 I. 正方提案将引发更多的矿难问题。 A. 正方认为其提案减少矿难。 B. 增加罚金将使得矿主掩盖事故。 1. 在现行制度下中国矿主经常掩盖事故和灾难，逃避政府监察和罚款。 2. 增加罚金将导致矿主更倾向于掩盖他们的罪行--- 而无益于保障工人安全。 II. 正方提案将导致能源供给不足。 A. 正方提议增加煤矿公司的罚金。 B. 增加罚金将降低中国的煤矿产量。 1. 为了避免罚款，公司将不得不实行昂贵的安全监察程序。 2. 无力实行安全程序的公司将被迫关闭。 3. 能够实行安全程序的公司将进行安全培训，在短期内延缓了生产。 4. 这样，关闭公司和延缓生产会降低中国的煤矿产量。 C. Reduction in the production of coal will have negative consequences. 1. 2. 3. 4. China needs as much coal as it can get to fuel its skyrocketing economy. Chinese GDP jumped 11.7% in 2007. Energy production is already struggling to keep up. The coal industry grew 13.5% between 2001 and 2005. China's economy needs more energy every day. If energy supply starts shrinking, rapid economic growth will turn into rapid economic decline. Foreign investors will label China an unstable market and pull out their money, creating a massive depression. This will hurt Chinese quality of life. C．煤矿产量的降低将带来不利影响。 1. 中国需要尽可能多的燃料支持飞速发展的经济。2007年，中国国民生产总值跃至11.7%。 2. 能源生产已经很难维持。煤矿工业从2001至2005年发展了13.5%。 3. 中国经济发展每天都需要更多的能源。如果能源供应缩减，快速的经济增长将变成快速的经济衰退。 4. 外国投资者将称中国为不稳定的市场，会抽回投资，使中国陷入巨大的经济萧条。这将损害中国人的生活质量。 Student Exercise for Constructing Arguments Against a 学生练习: 反方论辩 Proposition Ⅰ. 把学生分组。 I. Divide students into small groups. Ⅱ. 挑选一个不同的辩题，请学生组织辩题的反方论II. Select a different motion and ask groups of students to 辩。他们应该至少举出一个观点来证明正方提案不construct arguments against the motion. They should construct 能解决问题，并至少举出一个观点证明将引发更多at least one argument showing that the plan of the proposition team will not solve the problem and at least one argument 的问题。 showing how the plan will create worse problems than it solves. Ⅲ. 每个小组指定一名代表向全班阐释他们的观点。 III. Each group will appoint a spokesperson to discuss their arguments with the larger group.
Principles of Creating an \Opposition I. What is the nature of an extension? A. An extension is a new line of argument presented by the Second Proposition and Second Opposition teams. The extension is a means that the Second Proposition can distinguish itself from the First Proposition and that the Second Opposition can distinguish itself from the First Opposition. B. The extension offered by the Second Proposition needs to be consistent with the position taken by the First Proposition as the extension of the Second Opposition should be consistent with that of the First Opposition. The extension offered by the Second Proposition needs to distinguish this team from the First Proposition just as the extension of the Second Opposition needs to distinguish this team from the first Opposition. C. II. Types of extensions A. An additional line of argumentation. This is a common kind of extension where the second proposition team simply presents a new argument that is different from that of the first proposition team but still supports the overall approach of the proposition side. For example if the first proposition team focuses on saving lives by reducing accidents, the second proposition might argue that the proposition’s plan will increase mining efficiency. B. An examination of philosophical considerations. The second proposition team might introduce a different but supportive philosophical position. For example, 正反两方组织“扩展论辩”原则 I. “扩展论辩”的本质什么？ A. “扩展论辩”是正反双方的第二支队伍提出的新论辩单元，通过“扩展”，二队辩手区别于一队。 B. 正方二队提出的“扩展论辩”要与一队基本观点一致，反方亦然。 C. 正方二队提出的“扩展论辩”须有别于一队，反方亦然。 II. “扩展论辩”的类型。 A．新增论证单元。 通常，正方二队提出一个不同于一队但有利于正方的新论证单元。比如，如果正方一队着重于己方政策可以通过降低事故率以减少矿工伤亡，二队可以提出，这还有利于提高采矿效率。 B．从价值观角度的分析 正方二队可以提出一种不同的，但仍有利于正方的价值观思维角度。比如，他们可以说，政府的角色是保护公
