绾桉间宾(indirect object
直宾(direct object
意合(parataxis
形合(hypotaxis
①我常见许多青年的朋友，②聪明用功，③成绩优异，④而语文程度不足以达意，⑤甚至写一封信亦难得通顺，⑥问其故则曰其兴趣不在语文方面。(梁实秋《学问与趣味》)
I have come across a great many bright and diligent young friends (who) have done exceedingly well in their studies, but are rather weak in Chinese. (They) cannot even write a letter in correct Chinese. (When I) asked them why, (they) said they were not interested in the Chinese language.
篇章(text
信息结构(information structure)
主位(theme)
述位(rheme
主题(topic
述题(comment
主题显著(topic-prominent
意念主轴(thought-pivot
主语显著(subject-prominent
主谓主轴(subject-predicate-pivot
衔接手段(cohesive devices)
照应(co-reference anaphora)。
外指(exophoric
内指(endophoric
回指（anaphoric
下指(cataphoric
（4）爸爸妈妈，你们也买个钱罐存钱吧。你们没钱用了罐子就会把肚肚里的钱掏出来给你们的。
Daddy, Mummy, please buy a piggie for yourselves. When you have no more money, the piggie will open its tummy and give you money.
(《童心》，居祖纯译)
