新视野大学英语第三版第二册课文语法讲解 Unit5 (2)

messages,wefeelconfusedaboutwhoweare:afailingconsumerintroubleoravaluedcustomer?9Theparadoxisthateverydaywegettwosetsofmessagesatoddswitheachother.(Para.3)Meaning:Thecontradictionisthateverydaywegettwosetsofmessagesdisagreeingwitheachother.10Oneisthe“permissive”perspective,“Buy,spend,getitnow.Youneedthis!”(Para.3)Meaning:Onereflectsaviewpointoftolerance,“Buy,spend,getitnow.Youneedthis!”Note:Thewordpermissiveisanadjective,aderivativefrompermit.Being“permissive”impliesaveryeasyandtoorelaxedpositiononsomethingandusuallylacksgoodjudgment.Forexample:Theywerepermissiveparentsandtheirchildrengrewuptobespoiledandill-behavingadults.他们是太过放任的父母，他们的孩子长大后会变成被宠坏、行为举止欠妥的成年人。Usagenote:permissive,tolerantThesynonymofpermissiveistolerant,buttolerantispositiveinmeaning.Permissivecarriesanegativeconnotation.Tolerantimpliesgoodjudgmentwitharightbalanceofperspectiveoractions.Forexample:Theemployee’stolerantpositiononthedifferencesinworkingstylemeantthattheteamperformedwell.员工对工作作风的差异持宽容的立场意味着这个团队表现出色。11Theotherwecouldcallan“upright”message,whichurgesus,“Workhardandsave.Suspendyourdesires.Avoidluxuries.Controlyourappetiteformorethanyoutrulyneed.”(Para.3)Meaning:Wecouldcalltheotheronean“honest”message,whichadvisesustoworkhardandsavemoney,stophavingtoomanydesires,avoidspendingtoomuch,andlimitourpurchasestowhatwereallyneed.Usagenote:urge,persuade1从词义上说，urge的基本意思是“力劝；敦促”，引申可表示“强烈要求”等，比较正式；persuade主要表示“说服；劝说”，指通过劝说、感情交流等使对方做劝说者所希望的事。urge语气强，但不一定“力劝；敦促”成功；persuade语气不如urge强，但强调不仅“劝”，而且使之“服”。例如：WewillurgethemtoadheretotheParisAgreement.我们将敦促他们遵守《巴黎协议》。Myhusbandpersuadedmetocome.我丈夫劝我来的。2从用法上说，urge和persuade都可用作及物动词。urge可用于urgesb.todosth.结构，意为“催促某人做某事”；persuade表示“说服”时，可用于persuadesb.todosth.结构，也可用于persuadesb.intodoingsth.结构，都表示“说服某人做某事”。它们也都可以引出that从句。urge引出的that从句中用（should）+verb，而persuade用于persuadesb.that结构，不用（should）+verb。例如：Hisfatherurgedhimtospeakhismind.他父亲敦促他说出心里话。We’retryingtopersuademanufacturerstoselltheirproductshere.我们正在努力说服制造商在这里销售他们的产品。SirFredurgedthatBritain(should)jointheEuropeanMonetarySystem.弗雷德爵士敦促英国加入欧洲货币体系。Wehadmanagedtopersuadethemthatitwasworthworkingwithus.我们已设法说服他们，与我们合作是值得的。12Thismessagecomestousfrommanysources:fromschool,fromparents,evenfrompoliticalfiguresreferringto“traditionalvalues”.(Para.3)Meaning:Wegetthiskindofmessagefrommanysourcessuchasschool,parents,andevenpoliticianswholiketotalkabouttraditionalvalues.13Buttheoppositemessage,advertising’spermissivemessage,isinescapable.(Para.4)Meaning:Butyoucannotescapefromtheoppositemessage,advertisementsthatpushyoutospendmore.14Thoughsometimesdisguised,themessagesareeverywherewelook…(Para.4)Meaning:Thoughthesemessagesaresometimessubtleandchangeinform,theycanbefoundeverywherewelive.15Advertisementsinvadeourdailylives.Weareconstantlysurroundedbythemessagetospend,spend,spend.(Para.4)Meaning:Ourdailylivesarefloodedwithadvertisements.Veryoftenwefindourselvesenclosedbyadvertisementsthatlureusintospending.16It’sbeencalculatedthatbytheageof18,theaverageAmericanwillhaveseen600,000ads;bytheageof40,thetotalisalmostonemillion.(Para.5)Meaningbeyondwords:Americansgrowupseeingcountlessadvertisements,andthiscontinuesthroughouttheirlifetime.17Eachadvertisementisdoingitsutmosttoinfluenceourdiversebuyingdecisions,fromthebreakfastcerealweeattowhichcruiselinewewilluseforourvacation.(Para.5)Meaningbeyondwords:Advertisementsareeverywhereandhaveinvadedpeople’severydaylives.18Thereisnoshortageofideasandthingstobuy!(Para.5)Meaning:Thereareplentyofideasofwhattobuyandhowtospendmoney.19Now,ofcourse,wedon’trememberexactlywhattheproductswere,buttheessentialmessageiscementedintoourconsciousness,“It’sgoodtosatisfyyourdesires.Youshouldhavewhatyouwant.Youdeservethebest.So,youshouldbuyit–now!”(Para.5)Meaningbeyondwords:Advertisementsareveryeffectiveintalkingpeopleintobuyingthings.Thoughit’shardtorememberalloftheproductsinadvertisements,thesemessageshavealreadybeenhammeredintoourheads.Themessagestellusthatwedeservethebestandweareentitledtowhatwewant.20Afamousadvertisementsaiditperfectly,“Iloveme.I’magoodfriendtomyself.Idowhatmakesmefeelgood.Iderivepleasurefromnicethingsandfeelnourishedbythem.Iusedtoputthingsoff.Notanymore.TodayI’llbuynewskiequipment,lookatnewcompactcars,andbuythatcameraI’vealwayswanted.Ilivemydreamstoday,nottomorrow.”(Para.5)Meaningbeyondwords:Theadvertisementistryingtosendoutthemessage:Itisnotwrongforpeopletobeself-centeredandbuyeverythingtheywantrightnow.Enjoylifetoday!Theunderlyingpurposeistopersuadepeopletospend.21Whathappensaswetakeinthesecontradictorybutexplicitmessages?Whatarethepsychologicalandsocialconsequencesofthiscampaigntocontrolourspendinghabits?(Para.6)Meaningbeyondwords:Sincepeoplearesurroundedbythesecontradictorybutclearmessages,theremustbesomepsychologicalandsocialconsequences.Forinstance,somepeoplemayspendmorewhileothersmaysavemore,dependingonhowmuchtheygetinfluenced.22Ononehand,wewantmorethingsbecausewewanttosatisfyourmaterialappetite.Mostofusderivepleasurefromtreatingourselves.(Para.6)Meaning:Mostofusbecomehappywhenwetreatourselves,sowealwayswanttohavemorethingstosatisfyourmaterialdesires.23Ontheotherhand,alittlevoiceinsideusechoesthoseuprightmessages:“Watchout,takestockofyourlife,don’tletyourattentiongetscattered.Postponeyourdesires.Don’tfallintodebt.Wait!Retaincontroloveryourownlife.Itwillmakeyoustronger.”(Para.6)Meaningbeyondwords:Fromamoretraditionalpointofview,weshouldbecautiousaboutspendingmoney.Weshouldbefocusedonourlifeinordernottofallintodebt.Beingincontrolofourlifewillmakeusstronger.24Anyway,manyoftheskillsyouneedassuccessfulstudentcanbeappliedtoyourfinances.Consideryourfinancialwell-beingasakeyingredientofyouruniversityeducationasmoneyworriesareextremelystressfulanddistracting.(Para.7)Meaningbeyondwords:Itisnotdifficulttoavoidafinancialdisasterifyouapplytheskillsyoualreadyhaveforbeingasuccessfulstudent.Beawarethatfinancialstabilityisofcrucialimportancetoyourcollegelifesincemoneyworriescouldbringyoudown.25Theycanmakeyoufeelterribleandhinderyourabilitytofocusonyourprimeobjective:successfullycompletingyoureducation.(Para.7)Meaning:Moneyworriescanmakeyoufeelterribleanddistractyoufromyourmainobjective:successfullycompletingyoureducationatcollege.Usagenote:hinder,preventhinder和prevent都有“阻碍；阻止”之意，都可以用于hinder/preventsb.fromdoingsth.结构，但两者有区别。1)hinder表示“使…受阻；使…做起来困难”（makesth.difficult）。例如：Hispoorhealthhinderedhimfromgoingtoworkdaily.(=Hecontinuedtoworkbutwithdifficulty.)身体欠佳让他每天上班很困难。2)prevent表示“使…不发生；使…不做”(makesth.impossible)。例如：Hispoorhealthpreventedhimfromgoingtowork.(=Hestoppedworking.)他的健康不佳，令他无法外出工作。26Howcanyoubeasmartandeducatedconsumer?Manyschools,communityorganizations,andevensomebanksofferfinancialliteracyclasses.(Para.8)Meaning:Tobecomeaconsumerwhoiscleverandacquiresrelevantknowledge,youcantakesomefinancialliteracyclasseswhereyoulearnbasicconceptsoffinance.Thesecoursesareofferedbymanyschools,communityorganizationsandsomebanks.27Considerconsultingwithyourschool’sfinancialaidofficeorseekinputfromyourparentsorotherrespectedadultsinsettingupabudget.(Para.8)Meaning:Inplanninghowtouseyourmoneywisely,youmaydiscussyourfinancialsituationwithyourschool’sfinancialaidofficeorgetadvicefromyourparentsaswellasfromrespectedothers.28Anadditionaloptionisfindingapartnertohelpyoustayontrackandfindpleasureintheadministrationofyourownfinancialaffairs.(Para.8)Meaning:Anotherchoiceistofindapartnerwhocanhelpyoustayintherightdirectionofyourownfinancialmanagementandgetpleasurefromdoingit.29Mostimportantly,ifyoufindyourselfgettingintofinancialtrouble,don’tletyouregogetinyourway;urgentlygethelpwithtacklingyourproblembeforeitspinsoutofcontrolandlandsyouinlegaltroubles.(Para.8)Meaning:Themostimportantthingisnottofeelembarrassedtoaskforhelpifyoufindyourselfgettingintofinancialtrouble,andyoushoulddoitquicklytoretaincontrolandavoidbreakingthelaw.30Asyoulearntobalancespendingandsaving,youwillbecomethecaptainofyourownship,steeringyourlifeinasuccessfulandproductivedirectionthroughthechoppywaters.(Para.9)Meaning:Whenyoulearntokeepabalancebetweenspendingandsaving,youareincontrolofyourownfinancialsituation,andwhichwillleadyoutoasuccessfulandproductivelifedespitethetwistsandturnsonyourwaytothefinancialgoal.Note:Here“thecaptainofyourownship”isfigurativelyused.Itcomparesyourcapabilitytobalancespendingandsavingtothesituationofsailinginthesea.Ifyouareincontrolofyourfinancialsituation,you,thecaptain,cansurelysteeryourownshipoflifesmoothly.