loading法律英语专业词汇.doc
Words and Expressions:
1. decision ：n. an authoritative determination (as a decree or judgment) made after consideration of facts or law 裁决，判决
2. precedent ：n. a judicial decision that should be followed by a judge when deciding a later similar case 先例（法 律法规）法律英语专业词汇。
3. ruling ： n. an official or authoritative determination, decree, statement, or interpretation (as by a judge on a question of law) 裁定、裁决
4. overrule：vt. to rule against upon review by virt ue of a higher authority 推翻
5.private law ：a branch of law concerned with private persons, property, and relationships 私法
6.legislature： n. a body of persons having the authority to make laws for a political unit (as a nation or state) 立法机关
7.constitutional law： n. a body of statutory and case law that is based on, concerns, or interprets a constitution 宪法性法律
8. statute： n. a law enacted by the legislative branch of a government 制定法，成文法
9.assemble： vt. to bring or summon together into a group esp. in a particular place for a particular purpose 编纂
10.code： n. a systematic compilation or revision of law or legal principles that is arranged esp. by subject 法典
11. case law： n. law established by judicial decisions in cases as
distinguished from law created by legislation-called also decision law 判例法 12.Supreme Court ：n. the highest courts in the judicial branch of the U.S. government that has original jurisdiction over controversies involving ambassadors or other ministers or consuls but whose main activity is as the court of last resort exercising appellate jurisdiction over cases involving federal law 最高法院（法律法规）法律英语专业词汇。
13.amend ： vt. to alter esp. in the wording; esp: to alter formally by modification, deletion, or addi tion 修改，修订
14.amendment 修正案
15.malfeasance： n. the commission (as by a public official) of a wrongful or unlawful act involving or affecting the performance of one’s duties 渎职行为（罪）
16.impeach ：vt. to charge with a crime or misconduct; specif: to charge (a public official) before a competent tribunal (as the U.S. Senate) with misconduct in office 弹劾
17. doctrine of constitutional supremacy 宪法至上原则
18.treason ：n. the offence of attempting to overthrow the government of one’s country or of assisting its enemies in war 叛国罪
19.misdemeanor： n. a crime that carries a less severe punishment than a felony; specif: a crime punishable by a fine and by a term of imprisonment not to be served in a penitentiary and not to exceed one year 轻罪
20.bill ：n. a draft of a law presented to a legislature for enactment 议案，法案
21.constitutionality ：n. the quality or state of being constitutional; esp: conformity with the provisions of a constitution 合宪性
22.delegate： vt. to empower a body (as an administrative agency) to perform (a governmental function) 授权，委托（法律法规）法律英语专业词汇。 23 .choice of law ： n. an issue in conflicts of law as to what law (as among laws of different states or multiple federal laws) should be applied in a case 法律选择
24.at issue ( also in issue): under discussion or in dispute 有争议的 25.forum ：n. court 法院
26.trial court： n. the court before which issues of fact and law are tried and first determined as distinguished from an appellate court 初审法院，审判法院 27.appellate ：adj. of or relating to appeals or the power to hear appeals 上诉的
28.appeal ：n. a proceeding in which a case is brought before a higher court for review of a lower court’s judgment for the purpose of convincing the higher court that the lower court’s judgment was incorrect 上诉
29.jurisdiction： n. the power, right, or authority to interpret, apply, and declare the law (as by rendering a decision) 管辖权
30.limited jurisdiction： n. jurisdiction that is restricted (as to a type of case) 有限管辖权
31.general jurisdiction： n. jurisdiction that is not limited (as to a particular class of case) 普遍管辖权
32.circuit court： n. a court that sits in more that one place in a judicial district: as any of the federal courts of appeals 巡回法院（法律法规）法律英语专业词汇。
33. hear： vt. to give a hearing to 听审，审理
34.determination n. a decision of a court or administrative agency regarding an issue, case, or claim 判决，裁决
35.litigant ：n. an active party to litigation 诉讼当事人
36.intermediate court： n. a court (as an appeals court) beneath the court of last resort in a jurisdiction 中级上诉法院
37.district court： n. a trial court having general or limited jurisdiction in a judicial district as one of the federal trial courts sitting in a federal district 地区法院
38.diversity jurisdiction ：the jurisdiction granted to federal courts over civil disputes involving parties having diverse citizenship (as in being from different states) where the matter in controversy exceeds a statutory amount 多州管辖权，多元管辖权
39.discretion： n. the power of a judge to use his or her own judgment in making decisions guided by what is fair and equitable and by principles of law 自由裁量权
40.adversary ： adj. of, relating to, or involving a system of justice in which opposing parties usu. represented by counsel present evidence to an impartial decision-maker (as a jury) by a process of questioning witnesses under the supervision of a judge 对抗性的
41 controversy：n. a state of dispute or disagreement争议，纠纷
42.proceeding ：n. a particular step or series of steps in the enforcement, adjudication, or administration of rights, remedies, laws, or regulations 程序，诉讼程序（法律法规）法律英语专业词汇。
43.regulatory ：adj.管理的，规范性的
44.advocate ：n. person who pleads on behalf of another, esp a lawyer who presents a client’s case in a law court 律师
45．produce：vt. bring out or show sth so that it can be examined or used 出示，举出
46. inquisitorial: adj. constituting or relating to a system of justice in which the judge conducts an inquiry developing the facts of litigant’s case审讯的，调查的，讯问的
47.testimony: n. evidence furnished by a witness under oath or affirmation and either orally or in an affidavit or deposition 证据，证词
48. direct examination :n. the first examination of a witness by the party calling the witness直接质证，直接询问
49. cross examination :n. the examination of a witness who has already testified in order to check or discredit the witness’s testimony, knowledge, or credibility 交叉质证，交叉询问
50. settlement: n. an agreement between litigants that concludes the litigation .和解
51.rule ：vi. to lay down a rule or ruling 裁定
52.merit：n. the substance of a case apart from matters of jurisdiction, procedure, or form 案件的实质问题
53.sue：vt. to bring an action against 对……提起诉讼
54.redress ：vt.,n. compensation for wrong or loss 纠正，补救，救济 55.remedy: v.,n. 救济
56.relief:n. 救济（过去用于指衡平法上的救济）
57.arbitration：n. the process of resolving a dispute or a grievance outside of the court system by presenting it to an impartial third party or panel for a decision that may or may not be binding 仲裁
58.claim：n. a right to seek a judicial remedy arising from a wrong or injury suffered 诉讼请求，主张
59.summons：n. a written notification that one is required to appear in court 传票
60.pleading ：n. one of the formal declarations exchanged by the parties in a legal proceeding setting forth claims, averments, allegations, denials, or defenses文状，诉状
61.complaint ：n. the initial pleading that starts a lawsuit and that sets forth the allegations made by the plaintiff against the defendant and the plaintiff’s demand for relief 起诉状
62.motion ：n. an application made to a court or judge to obtain such an application 动议
63.dismiss：vt. to bring about or order the dismissal of (an action) 驳回（起诉），撤销（案子）
64．allege ：vt. to state (as a fact) in a pleading 宣称
65.assert：vt. to present and demand recognition of 断言，主张 66.defense：抗辩， 防卫，辩方
67.affirmative defense：a defense that does not deny the truth of the allegations against the defendant but gives some other reason why the defendant cannot be liable 积极抗辩
68.counter-claim：n. a claim for relief that is asserted against an opposing party after an original claim has been made 反诉
69.discovery :n. the methods used by parties to a civil or criminal action to obtain information held by the other party that is relevant to the action .证据开示
70.depose (n. deposition)：vt. to testify to under oath or by sworn affidavit 宣誓作证
71.deponent：n. a person who gives a deposition 宣誓后的作证者
72.interrogatory (vt. interrogate)：n. a written question directed by one party to another regarding information that is within the scope of discovery 问题,质询书
73.pending ：adj. not yet decided 未决的
74.affidavit：n. a sworn statement in writing made esp. under oath or on affirmation before an authorized magistrate officer 宣誓书
75.summary judgment：judgment that may be granted upon a party’s motion when the pleadings, discovery, and any affidavits show that there is
no genuine issue of material fact and that the party is entitled to judgment in its favor as a matter of law即席判决
76.original jurisdiction : the jurisdiction granted a court to try a case in the first instance, make findings of fact, and render a usu. appealable decision 初审管辖权
77.appellate jurisdiction ： the jurisdiction granted to particular courts to hear appeals of the decisions of lower tribunals and to reverse, affirm, or modify those decisions 上诉管辖权 78. enabling legislation 授权性立法
79.due process: a course of formal proceedings (as judicial proceedings) carried out regularly, fairly, and in accordance with established rules and principles 正当程序
80.felony: a crime that has a greater punishment imposed by statute than that imposed on a misdemeanor , specif : a federal crime for which the punishment may be death or imprisonment重罪
81. judicial review: a constitutional doctrine that gives to a court system the power to annul legislative or executive acts which the judges declare to be unconstitutional 司法审查，违宪审查
82. conviction： n. the final judgment entered after a finding of guilt 有罪判决
83. convict: v. to find guilty of a criminal offense 判决有罪，裁定有罪
84：acquit: to absolve (a criminal defendant) of a charge by judicial process ,宣判无罪.
85.acquittal:n.宣判无罪
86. common law: the body of law developed in England that is the basis of U.S. federal law and of state law in all states except Louisiana.普通法 87.civil law:民法，大陆法 88.action 诉讼
89.suit 或lawsuit, 常和action 混用 指具体的诉讼 90.litigation 诉讼（指诉讼这种争议解决方式）