loading第二届“华政杯”全国法律英语翻译大赛
初赛试题
试题一：（合同法与侵权法）
Contracts also generate general duties of care in dealing with the rights, objects of legal protection and legally protected interests of the contractual partners. Such “collateral” obligations do not normally have any relation to the content of the respective “primary” performance obligation and can therefore in principle become significant in every type of contract. The more ambitious a legal system is in the development of such contractual collateral obligations for the protection of interests already existing independent from the direct performance expectations formed by the contract, the more practical weight is given to the respective concurrence of actions rules, which give details of the relationship of contractual liability with parallel tortuous liability.
合同在规定缔约伙伴的权利、法律保护的客体及受法律保护的利益时，也产生一般的注意义务。此种“附随”义务通常与各方的“主要”履约义务的内容无关，因此，基本上在各类合同中都变得很重要。在此类附随义务的发展过程中，一项法律制度越是注重以此来保护独立于合同确立的直接履约期待权而存在的权益，就越会重视行为竞合的规则，该规则会对合同责任与相应侵权责任之间关系作出详细的规定。The narrower the scope of contractual duties is, the narrower the overlaps with the area of
application of tort law turn out to be. The consequence is in turn, that the area of application of the respective legal principles governing concurrence of actions becomes narrower. A concurrence of actions rule which grants in principle contractual liability priority of application over tortuous liability, has to keep the area of contractual liability narrow in the interest of protecting the victim, if tort law is more favorable to an injured party in an individual case than contract law.合同义务
的范围越窄，它与侵权法竞合的地方就越窄。规范行为竞合的法律原则的适用范围也就会变得越窄。如果在某一个案中适用侵权法可能比合同法更有利于受损害方，那么，原则上规定合同责任优先于侵权责任适用的行为竞合规则，须从保护受害人的利益角度出发，使合同责任的适用固定在有限的范围内。
试题二：（财产法）
Subject to the provisions of the Declaration and other provisions of law, a unit owner:
(1) may make any improvements or alterations to his unit that do not impair the structural integrity or mechanical systems or lessen the support of any portion of the common interest community; (2) may not change the appearance of the common elements, or the exterior appearance of a unit or any other portion of the common interest community, without permission of the Unit Owners Association (hereinafter called “Association”);
(3) after acquiring an adjoining unit or an adjoining part of an adjoining unit, may remove or alter any intervening partition or create apertures therein, even if the partition in whole or in part is a common element, if those acts do not impair the structural integrity or mechanical systems or lessen the support of any portion of the common interest community. Removal of partitions or creation of apertures under this paragraph is not an alteration of boundaries;
依据《公告书》（类似于《物业管理规约》——译者注）的规定和其他法律规定，单元所有权人：
（1）可以对其单元进行修缮或改变，但不得损害共同利益社区的结构的整体性、机械系统，或减少共同利益社区的任何部分的承重结构；
（2）未经单元所有权人协会（以下简称“协会”）允许，不得改变共有部分的形状，或者单元的外观，或共同利益社区其他任何部分的外观；
（3）在获得 相邻单元或相邻单元的相邻部分的 所有权后，可以拆除或改变（横亘单元间的）任何隔墙，或在该隔墙上开口，即使该隔墙的全部或部分属于“共有部分”，惟上述行为不得损害共同利益社区的结构的整体性，机械系统，或减少共同利益社区的任何部分的支撑。本款所谓隔墙的拆除或在隔墙上开口不属于对边界的改变；
(4) may subdivide a unit into two or more units. Subject to the provisions of law, upon application of a unit owner to subdivide a unit, the Association shall prepare, execute, and record an amendment to the Declaration;
(5) The amendment to the Declaration must be executed by the owner of the unit to be subdivided, assign an identifying number to each unit created, and reallocate the allocated interests formerly allocated to the subdivided unit to the new units in any reasonable manner prescribed by the owner of the subdivided unit.
（4）可以将一个单元分割为两个或两个以上的单元。依法律规定，协会接受单元所有权人请求分割单元的，应做好《公告书》修订条文的准备、签署和登记工
作；
（5）对《公告书》的修订须由提出分割请求的单元所有权人签署，新划分的单元都应有一个识别号码，以被分割单元所有权人规定的任何合理方式将之前分配给被分割单元的利益重新分配给分割后的新单元。
试题三：（法律史）
For much of our history, the United States was not a lender but a borrower of law. The United States is a common-law system; and the common law was, in its origins, essentially English. In the first part of the nineteenth century, American courts looked to English law for inspiration, to English jurists and treatise writers. Case law was peppered with citations of English cases. Notable scholar-judges, like James Kent and Joseph Story, also read, absorbed, and tried to import into American law key aspects and insights of European legal thought. The British influence declined throughout the nineteenth century; and in the twentieth century it was all but dead. American cases rarely cite foreign materials. Courts occasionally cite a British classic or two, a famous old case, or a nod to Blackstone; but current British law almost never gets any mention. 在美国历史上
的很长一段时期里，美国并不是法律的输出者，而是引入者。美国是一个普通法系国家，而普通法基本上是源于英国的。19世纪初叶，美国法院向英国法、英国法学家和法学专著的作者寻求灵感。案例法中大量引用英国案例。著名的学者型法官詹姆斯·肯特和约瑟夫·斯托里等人还阅读和吸收欧洲法律思想中的重要方面与见解，并努力将它们输入到美国法之中。英国的影响在19世纪期间就已减弱，到20世纪则几乎消亡。美国的案例极少援引外国资料。法庭偶尔援引一两个经典的判例，某一著名的古代案例，或是表示赞同布莱克斯通的观点，但对现行的英国法则几乎绝口不提。In the twentieth century German philosophy had some
residual influence; and Karl Lewellyn, for one, absorbed a good deal of German legal culture. It is fair to say, however, that American lawyers and jurists have been, on the whole, extremely parochial. At some crucial points, scholars and states people did look abroad. English law influenced the shape of the workers’ compensation statutes; key phrases were lifted almost verbatim from the English act. The English act, in turn owed something to legislation adopted earlier in Bismarck’s Germany. The English Companies Law of 1929 and a Securities Act of 1933
were real influences on the text of the Securities and Exchange Act. Commercial statutes similarly were indebted to British models.在二十世纪，德国哲学仍有些许影响，例如，卡尔·卢
埃林就吸收了不少德国的法律文化。但是平心而论，美国律师和法学家整体上完全本土化了。在一些特定的方面，学者和美国人民的确借鉴外国的做法。英国法影响了“劳工赔偿法”的制定：关键用语几乎一字不差地从英国法案中搬来。反过来，英国的这则法案则曾受到俾斯麦时期的德国法律的影响。英国《1929年公司法》与《1933年证券法》对《证券交易法》的内容产生了实际影响。商事制定法也同样借鉴了英国的范例。
试题四：（公司法与国际经济法）
(i) In general. The Department of Commerce (hereinafter called “Department”) normally will attribute a subsidy to the products produced by the corporation that received the subsidy.
(ii) Corporations producing the same product. If two (or more) corporations with cross-ownership produce the subject merchandise, the Department will attribute the subsidies received by either or both corporations to the products produced by both corporations.
(iii) Holding or parent companies. If the firm that received a subsidy is a holding company, including a parent company with its own operations, the Department will attribute the subsidy to the consolidated sales of the holding company and its subsidiaries. However, if the Department finds that the holding company merely served as a conduit for the transfer of the subsidy from the government to a subsidiary of the holding company, the Secretary will attribute the subsidy to products sold by the subsidiary.
一 （一般规定）商务部一般认定获得补贴的公司所生产的产品存在补贴。 二 （生产相同产品的公司）如果两个（或两个以上）具有交叉所有权的公司均生产涉案商品，商务部将把其中任何一家公司或两家公司获得的补贴认定为两家公司生产的产品均存在补贴。
三 （控股公司或母公司）如果获得补贴的公司是控股公司（包括自己也经营的母公司），商务部将认定该控股公司及其各子公司的销售总额存在补贴。但是，商务部如确认控股公司仅是补贴从政府流向其子公司的渠道，商务部部长会认定
该子公司销售的产品存在补贴。
(iv) Input suppliers. If there is cross-ownership between an input supplier and a downstream producer, and production of the input product is primarily dedicated to production of the downstream product, the Department will attribute subsidies received by the input producer to the combined sales of the input and downstream products produced by both corporations (excluding the sales between the two corporations).
(v) Transfer of subsidy between corporations with cross-ownership producing different products. In situations where paragraphs (b)(6)(i) through (iv) of this section do not apply, if a corporation producing non-subject merchandise received a subsidy and transferred the subsidy to a corporation with cross-ownership, the Department will attribute the subsidy to products sold by the recipient of the transferred subsidy.
(vi)Cross-ownership defined. Cross-ownership exists between two or more corporations where one corporation can use or direct the individual assets of the other corporation(s) in essentially the same ways it can use its own assets. Normally, this standard will be met where there is a majority voting ownership interest between two corporations or through common ownership of two (or more) corporations.
四 （投入供应商）如果一家投入供应商与一家下游生产商之间具有交叉所有权，且投入品的生产主要用于下游产品的生产，商务部将会把投入生产商获得的补贴认定为两家公司生产的投入品和下游产品的销售总和中存在补贴（不包括两公司之间的买卖）。
五 （生产不同产品但具有交叉所有权的公司与公司之间的补贴转移）凡不适用本条第(b)(6)(i)至(iv)款情形的，如果生产非涉案商品的一家公司获得补贴，但已将该补贴转移至另一家与其具有交叉所有权的公司，则商务部将会认定接受被转移补贴的后一家公司所生产的产品存在补贴。
六（交叉所有权）当一家公司可以按照使用自己资产的方式，去使用或指示另一家（或几家）公司的单独资产时，该两家或多家公司存在交叉所有权。通常，如两个公司之间存在多数决所有权利益，或两个（或更多）公司之间存在共同所有权，则认定满足交叉所有权标准。