loadingA. he lives B. living C. being lived D. lived ⑷The day ____ hot, we decided to go swimming. A. was B. being C. been D. be 2.doing 与 having done 的区别： 两者都表示主动，但是having done强调非谓语动作明显先于主句谓语动词动作发生。
例：⑴____dinner, he went to the restroom.
A. Had B. Having C. Having had D. To have ⑵____his father, the baby began to cry at once(马上). A. Seen B. Seeing C. Having seen D. Saw ⑶____several times, the dog died at last.
A. Deserting B. To desert C. Having deserted D. Having been deserted 注：doing的被动形式为being done, 作状语时表示：“正在被…” doing的完成形式：having done(主动) doing的被动完成形式：having been done
六、作补足语（见非谓语总结）
Done：过去分词（done不作主语，宾语）
一、作表语
done 作表语，主语通常是人，done表达一种主观感受，译为：“感到…的”，此时done相当于adj.
excited, bored, tired, confused, annoyed… 例：The movie is boring, so I feel bored. (bore) I am tired of the tiring work. (tire)
二、作定语
1.单个过去分词作定语时，位于名词前，表示已经完成的动作或状态。 boiled water 开好的水 fallen leaves 已经落下的叶子 boiling water 正沸腾的水 falling leaves 正在落下的叶子
developed country 发达国家 developing country 发展中国家
2.done的短语作定语时，位于名词后，表示该名词与非谓语动词之间构成被动完成的关系。
考题形式：名词 非 ⅹⅹVO. 或 SVO 非 ⅹⅹ. 例1：I have a radio made in China.
例2：⑴The first textbook____ for teaching English as a foreign language came out
in the 16th century. (2013)
A. having written B. to be written C. being written D. written ⑵I’ve never seen the young man____ next to the director. (2006) A. sits B. sat C. sitting D. to sit
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⑶David sent his girlfriend a ring____ by his grandmother for all her life. A. have kept B. kept C. has kept D. has been kept (2013)
三、作状语 1.done 作状语，句子中有“，”表示主句主语与非谓语动词构成被动完成的关系。 考题形式：⑴ 非 ⅹⅹ，SVO.
SVO, 非 ⅹⅹ. 主语S与非谓doing构成被动完成的关系。 S, 非 ⅹⅹ,VO.
⑵(With)+名词 非，SVO. 名词与非谓doing构成被动完成的关系。 例：⑴_____ the park, we found it beautiful. A. See B. Seeing C. Seen D. Saw
⑵The teacher came into the lab, ____ by some students. A. following B. followed C. follow D. having followed ⑶The park, ____ from the building, is very beautiful. A. See B. Seeing C. Seen D. Saw ⑷With the hard work ____, he went to bed.
A. finishing B. having finished C. finished D. finishes 2.done 与 having been done 的区别：
两者都表示被动，但是having been done强调非谓语动作明显先于主句谓语动词动作发生。
例：⑴A new technique____ , the output as a whole increased by 20 percent. (2012) A. working out B. having worked out
C. to have been worked out D. having been worked out ⑵All the officials____ , the meeting was declared(宣布) open. A. arrived B. arriving C. being arrived D. having arrived ⑶____ many times, he still repeated the same mistake.
A. Told B. Being told C. Having been told D. Having told ☆一个知识点：
compare A with B 变被动→ A is compared with B 所以A与compare为被动关系。 Compared with B, A…
同理的还有：Covered with B, A… 四、作补足语（见非谓语的总结）
To do: 不定式
一、作主语
1. to do 作主语，位于句首，谓语动词用单数，表示一次性具体的动作。 例： To finish so much work in a short time is impossible.
2.当to do 作主语太长时，用it 作形式主语代替to do放句首，真正的主语to do放句尾。（避免头重脚轻）
例： It is impossible to finish so much work in a short time. [固定句型]
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1. It takes sb + 时间 + to do sth. “花费某人多长时间做某事” 例：It took him ten years to learn English.
2. It is + adj. + for sb to do sth. “对于某人来说，做…是…的”
此类adj.有：important, possible, difficult(hard), necessary, interesting, easy… 其中adj.是形容to do sth.的。
例：It is easy for me to learn English.
3. It is + adj. + of sb to do sth. “某人做某事是…的” 此类adj.有：wise, polite, kind, clever, honest… 其中adj.是形容sb的。
例：It is wise of him to leave that company,
It is very kind of you to teach me how to play Plants VS Zombies.
二、作宾语 1.动词 + to do
decide/determine(决心), learn(学会), want(想), expect/hope/wish(希望), refuse(拒绝), manage(设法), demand(要), pretend(假装), promise(答应), offer(提供), choose(选), plan(计划), agree(同意), ask/beg(请求), help(帮一帮).
注：help (to) do wish to do hope to do
help sb (to) do wish sb to do hope sb to do (ⅹ) 例：⑴My little son would like____ to his grandma today. A. to take B. taking C. to be taken D. taken
⑵I couldn’t understand why he pretended_____ in the garden. (2006) A. not to see me B. not see me C. to see me not D. to see not me ⑶When his mother came into the room, the boy pretended____ books. A. to read B. reading C. being read D. to be reading 注：⑴ to do的否定形式：not to do
⑵to do的进行式：to be doing,表示谓语动作发生时,不定式的动作正在进行。 2. it 作形式宾语，把真正的宾语to do 放在句尾。
（在英语中，有且只有it可以充当形式宾语/形式主语） 结构：主 + 谓 + 宾 + 宾补
主 + 谓 + it + 宾补 + to do 例: I consider to obey the laws important. I consider it important to obey the laws. 注：此类常见的动词有：believe, consider, find, regard… 3.作介词宾语
“do巴do”原则
当介词but, except, besides前有实义动词do(译为“做”)，后无to；前无do, 后有to.
以but为例： 有do + but do 无do + but to do
例：⑴The departure time of the plane has been postponed, so we have nothing to do
now but_____ . (2006) A. wait B. to be waiting C. to wait D. waiting
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⑵That was so serious a matter that I had no choice but ____ the police. (2010) A. called in B. calling in C. call in D. to call in 4.固定句型：
⑴had better (not) do sth. 最好（不）干… ⑵Why not + do(动原) 为什么不…？ ⑶sb happen to do 某人碰巧… ⑷would rather (not) do 宁愿做…
⑸would rather do A than do B = would do A rather than do B ⑹平行结构 rather than : to do rather than (to) do 例：I decided to write rather than make a phone call. 5. 疑问词 + to do 也可作宾语 疑问代词：what, which, whom 疑问副词：how, where, when, why 例：I don’t know what to do.
注：疑问代词中to do 的do为vt./vi. + 介词 疑问副词中to do 的do为vi. 例：I don’t know whom ____ .
A. work B. to work C. working D. to work with
I don’t know what to do. what 与to do为动宾关系，即：to do what
I don’t know whom to work with. whom 与to work with为动宾关系，即：to work
with whom
三、作表语
to do 作表语，表示一次性具体的动作。 doing 作表语，表示经常性抽象的动作。
His job is to paint the walls. 他这次的工作是刷这些墙。 His job is painting walls. 他平时的工作是刷墙。
四、作定语
1.to do与to do前所修饰的名词构成动宾关系。 例：⑴I have a lot of work to do.
a lot of work 与 to do为动宾关系，即：to do a lot of work ⑵The Browns have a house to live in.
a house与 to live in为动宾关系，即：to live in a house ⑶She has a sister to look after.
a sister 与to look after为动宾关系，即：to look after a sister ⑷There is something to pay attention to.
something与 to pay attention to为动宾关系，即：to pay attention to something 2. to do 表将来，与所修饰名词构成将来被动的关系。形式为：to be done 例：⑴The meeting ____ tomorrow is very important. A. to hold B. held C. holding D. to be held
⑵If the building project____ by the end of this month is delayed, the
construction company will be fined. (2007) A. being completed B. is completed C. to be completed D. completed 3. 由the first/second…the last, the best, the only, the next修饰的名词，后跟不定式
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作定语。
例：He was the first one to come and the last one to leave. He is the best man to do the job.
五、作状语
1.to do不定式作状语，有将来意味，表目的或结果。 例：⑴____ a seat, he got up early.
A. Grabbing B. To grab C. To be grabbed D. Having grabbed ⑵____ her noodles, I made full preparations.
A. Cooking B. To cook C. Cooked D. Having cooked
⑶He hurried to the hospital, only _____ his father had just died. (2010) A. to tell B. to be told C. telling D. told 注：only to do表示出乎意料的结果。 类似的有：only to find/notice
only to be told/informed 2.固定搭配
⑴主 + 谓 + too + adj./adv.(原形) + to do… “太…而不能…” 例：I’m too tired to stay up longer.
⑵主 + 谓 + adj./adv.(原级) + enough to do “足够…可以…” 例1：He is old enough to go to school. 例2：He is _____ join the army. (2010)
A. too young to B. enough young to C. very young to D. young enough to ⑶in order to do = so as to do (句中，句首) (句中)
例：Bob took down my telephone number in order not to forget it.
六、作补足语（见非谓语的总结）
非 谓 语 的 总 结
一、作主语（done不作主语）
能作主语的非谓语有三种： To do, Doing, Being done 表一次性的动作 表经常性的动作 只表示被动
且主等于表
例1：Being caught in a heavy traffic is a bad thing.
例2：_____to sunlight for too much time will do harm to one’s skin. (2013)
A. Exposed B. Having exposed C. Being exposed D. After being exposed
It 作形式主语的变形及其固定句型
二、作宾语（done不作宾语） 1. doing的讨论：
⑴哪些词后面加doing?（固搭、his smoking的复合结构） ⑵哪些介词短语后加doing?（即doing作介词宾语的情况）
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