loading
Unit 1
1、tariff n. 关税，关税表，关税率
? A tax on imported items, computed as a percentage of the import value; ? China imposes tariffs on automobiles, electronic equipment, cosmetics, etc;
2、equilibrium n. 平衡，均衡【同 balance】
? (Economics)a situation in which supply and demand are matched and prices
stable.
? 一般均衡general Equilibrium ? 局部均衡partial Equilibrium
? 国际收支平衡 Equilibrium in the balance of payments
3、futures n. 期货 【commodity futures 商品期货】
? goods and stocks sold for future delivery
? A contract to buy or sell a specified amount of a commodity or financial
instrument at an agreed price at a set date in the future.
4、The reasons for international trade:
? The uneven distribution of natural resources ? International specialization
? Different Patterns of demand among nations ? Economies of scale
? Innovation or variety of style
5、OPEC=Organization of (the) Petroleum Exporting Countries 石油输出国家组织
IBA=Independent Broadcasting Authority 英国独立广播机构 phosphate cartel（磷酸盐同业联盟）; tin cartel（锡同业联盟）
Commodity Cartels 商品联盟
6、tangibleadj. 可触知的，有形的【反 intangible】 7、portfolion. 有价证券财产目录
? The group of assets, such as stocks, bonds, mutual held by an investor. ? Portfolio investment证券投资
8、licensing agreements 许可证协议
? contract giving someone the legal right to use a patent or trademark
franchise agreements 特许经销协议
9、FDI=Foreign direct investment 外国直接投资
? ownership of asset abroad and can take the form of either direct or portfolio
investment.
ME=Multinational Enterprises 跨国公司（MNC=MultiNational Corporation 跨国公司） ? A firm that owns business operations in more than one country
10、Question: comparative advantage refers to the advantages based on the comparison between countries?
Unit 2
1、 access n. 接近；通路
? the means or opportunity to approach or enter a place ? Market access （市场准入）for goods in the WTO means the conditions, tariff
and non-tariff measures, agreed by members for the entry of specific goods into their markets.
2、Validityn. 有效；合法性
? The term of validity 有效期间
3、carrier n. 搬运人；从事运输业的人（或）公司
? An organization that transports products or services using its facilities;
4、Underwriter n. 担保人；保险商
? A company assumes the cost risk of death, illness, fire, theft, etc., in exchange
for payments;
5、Arbitration n. 控诉；打官司
? An informal hearing regarding a dispute
6、Certificate n. 证明书、执照、单据
? Certificate of deposit;
? CPA (certificated public accountant注册会计师 )
7、Invoice n. 发票
? A detailed list of goods shipped or services rendered, with an account of all
costs; an itemized bill.
8、Insurance policy保险单
Certificate of origin产地证书 Inspection certificate检验证 Packing list包装单
9、FAS=Free Alongside Ship 装运港船边交货
10、Incoterm 2000=international commercial terms 2000年国际贸易术语解释通则 11、FOB=Free on Board 装运港船上交货 ? FOB HK
12、L/C=Letter of Credit 信用证
? L/C is a commitment, usually by a bank on behalf of client, to pay a beneficiary
a stated amount of money under specified conditions. 信用证是银行作出的有条件的付款承诺，即银行根据开证申请人的请求和指示，向受益人开具的有一定金额，并在一定时期内凭规定的单据承诺付款的书面文件。
? Who should open L/C? importers
B/L=Bill of Lading 提单
13、CFR=Cost and Freight 成本加运费(……指定目的港)
=C&F=Cost and Freight 成本加运费
CIF=Cost, Insurance and Freight 到岸价格，成本、运费加保险价 14、CPA= certified public accountant 注册会计师 15、globalization 全球化
? The tendency of investment funds and businesses to move beyond domestic
and national markets to other markets around the globe, thereby increasing the interconnectedness of different markets.
16、Negotiation（n. 协商, 谈判）的步骤 1）Enquiry:询盘
Enquiry can be made by both sellers or buyers.
? General speaking , enquiry has not legal effect, so we would call it invite offer.
E.g.
? Please offer Flying Pigeon Brand Bicycles.
? Can supply 1000pcs Flying Pigeon Brand Bicycles May shipment please bid.
2）Offer （发盘）
? An offer is a proposal made by sellers to buyers in order to enter into the
contract.
? Withdrawal 收回 ? Revocation 撤回
3） Counter-offer（还盘）：
? The offeree doesn’t agree or precisely agree on any conditions of the offer.
Meanwhile, the offeree suggests modification to offerer.
? counter-offer can be considered as bargain
4） Acceptance:
? acceptance is a statement made by other conduct of the offerees
indicating unconditional consent to an offer.
17、Customs clearance 海关清关、结关
? Declare the export goods to customs
? Submit documents: commercial invoices, export licenses, copies of sales
contracts, and inspection certificates.
18、Import procedures
? Import license 、Trade negotiation、L/C、Shipping 、Insurance、Document
examination and payment 、Customs clearance
19、Export procedures
? Export license、Negotiation 、Cargo Readiness、Letter of Credit、Customs
clearance 、Shipping and Insurance 、Document and payment
20、Claim 索赔
? Claim made against
? if problems such as weight shortage, inferior quality or wrong shipment are found
and attributed to the exporter ,the importer should make claims against the exporter.
? if the loss or damage is due to the negligence of the carrier ,the claim should be
made against the carrier.
? if the loss or damage has been caused by the risks that are covered by
insurance,the claim should be made against the underwriter. ? Claim made within time limit
21、Settlement of disputes （解决争端）的三个形式
? Negotiation
? Arbitration （仲裁） ? litigation（诉讼、起诉）
22、Under CIF, the importer should ask the exporter to advise the shipment in time so that the goods can be covered by insurance without delay.（错，是Under CFR）
23、Under documentary collection, the importer himself should examine the documents to check if they meet the requirements of the sales contracts. （对）
Unit 3
1、Confiscation n.没收，充公
? E.g.The copyright administrative authorities may confiscate their illegal
income or impose a fine on them.
2、Consignee n. 受货人，收货人
? Person named in a Bill of Lading to whom the bill promises delivery.
3、 Consignor n. 托运人，发货人，寄销人
? The one who sends consignment.
? Is the person who calls on a common carrier for transportation service a
consignor?
Unit 4
1、Multilateral adj. 多边的
? E.g. a multilateral treaty 全球多边贸易体系
? Global system of multilateral trade充当多边贸易谈判的论坛 ? Acting as a forum for multilateral trade negotiations ? Bilateral adj.双边的, 双方的
2、Unprecedented adj. 空前的，没有先例的
? An unprecedented success史无前例的人口膨胀 ? An unprecedented expansion in population; ? CPI in China soars to unprecedented heights.
3、 Anti-dumping adj. 反倾销的
? The antidumping mechanism must be perfected. ? dumping 倾销
4、Predecessor n. 前任者，前辈 ? Predecessor company ? WTO 取代了它的前身
5、Ratify v. 批准，认可
? To ratify a treaty/ Constitutions
6、Infringe v. 违反，侵犯
? To infringe a rule/ a contract/ a patent/ on the right
7、 Scrutiny n. 详细审查
a) Moral scrutiy
b) Every product undergoes a close scrutiny 8、Procurement n. 采购，获得
9、Ministerial Conference 部长会议（WTO最高机构）
Senior Officials’ Meeting (SOM) 高官会——other ministerial-level meeting WTO（The World Trade Organization）
GATT=General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade关税及贸易总协定 APEC=Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation亚太经合组织
10、P56 Decisions are made by the entire membership. This is typically by consensus. A majority vote is also possible but it has never been used in the WTO, and was extremely rare under GATT .The WTO’ s agreements have been ratified in all members’ parliaments.
11、P67 Today there are 21 member economies comprising some 2.5 billion people ,a combined gross domestic product (GDP) of over US$18 trillion in 1999 and over 47 percent of world trade. APEC has established itself as the primary regional vehicle for promoting open trade and practical economic and technical cooperation.
12、The WTO’s top-level decision-making body is Ministerial Conference部长级会议是世贸组织的最高决策权力机构
? Meeting every two years 一般两年举行一次会议
13、General Council （负责世贸组织日常会议和工作）
? Three councils reporting to GC ：
? Goods Council、Services Council、Intellectual Property Council
14、When was APEC founded? ? It’s established in 1989
15、What APEC its goal?
? Its goal is to advance economic dynamism and the sense of commodity within
the Asia-Pacific region
16、APEC——1989: 12 founding members:
? Australia, Brunei Darussalam, Canada, Indonesia, Japan, Republic of Korea,
Malaysia, New Zealand, Republic of the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and U.S.
? Today there are 21 member economies comprising some 2.5 billion people.
17、What is the key difference between WTO and APEC？？
18、What are the key features between APEC and other international organizations?
? Its commitment to facilitating business and its exposure of the business/private
sector a wide range of APEC activities.
Unit 5
1、voluntary export restraint agreement 自愿限制出口协定
2、P73 Nontariff Barriers(NTBs) include quotas, voluntary export restrains, export subsidies, and a variety of other regulations and restrictions covering international trade. International economists and policy makers have become increasingly concerned about such barriers in the past few years. 3、P74 The economic effects of NTBs to trade are roughly similar to those of tariffs; that is, they are inefficient distortions which reduce potential gains from trade. Nations have resorted to them more frequently for protection in lieu of tariffs. 4、P74 Historically, the GATT has prohibited import quotas except on agricultural products, as emergency measures, or when a country has short-run balance of payments problems.过去，关税及贸易总协定规定，除农产品以外，禁止在实行紧急措施或在一国出现短期性国际收支问题时实行进口配额。
? 对应：The EEC （European economic community欧共体）flatly refused to discuss
its Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) at the Tokyo round, the CAP sets variable tariffs on imports so as to maintain high domestic prices by excluding or impeding imports.