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4) Understanding references 5) Making inferences 3. Post-reading Activities 1) Discussion 2) Role-play 3) Gap-filling 4) Retelling 5) False summary 6) Writing
Unit 12 Teaching Writing
II. A communicative approach to writing 非常重要 III. Problems in writing tasks 非常重要 1.They are mainly accuracy-based
2.They are designed to practise a certain target structures 3.There is insufficient preparation before the writing stage. 4.There is no sense of audience 5.There is no sense of authenticity.
6.Students are given ideas to express rather than being invited to invent their own. 7.There is no opportunity for creative writing,particular for expressing unusual or original ideas.
8.Many of them are test-oriented.
IV. A process approach to writing 非常重要
1. A process approach to writing is the process the teacher provide help to guide students through the process that they undergo when they are writing. 2. Features of Process writing
a. Focus on the process of writing that leads to the final written product. b. Help student writers understand their own composing process.
c. Help them build repertoires of strategies for prewriting ,drafting,and rewriting. d. Give students time to write and rewrite.
e. Place central importance on the process of revision f. Let students discover what they want to say as they write
g. Give students feedback throughout the composing process (not just on the final product)to consider as they attempt to bring their expression closer and closer to intention
h. Encourage feedback both from the instructor and peers
i. Include individual conferences between teacher and student during the process of composition
3. Main procedures of process writing a. Creating a motivation to write b. Brainstormimng c. Mapping d. Freewriting e. Outlining f. Drafting g. Editing h. Revising i. Proofreading j. Conferencing
V. Motivating students to write 非常重要 1.Principles to motivate students to write
a. Make the topic of writing as close as possible to students' life. b. Leave students enough room for creativity and imagination c. Prepare students well before writing
d. Encourage collaborative group writing as well as individual writing e. Provide opportunities for students to share their writings f. Provide constructive and positive feedback g. Treat students' errors strategically
h. Give students a sense of achievement from time to time
Unit 15 Assessment in language Teaching 重要
1. summative assessment: (终结性评价)
Summative assessment is mainly based on testing. It is done mostly at the end of a learning period or the end of a school year. 2. Formative assessment:（形成性评价）
Formative assessment is based on information collected in the classroom during the teaching processes for the purposes of improving teaching and learning, therefore, it is sometimes termed as classroom assessment as well.