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13 Physicians hoping to relieve the eternal suffering of these tragedies have only
three choices:1) create an animal model of the problem to understand the process
and test new therapies; 2)experiment on human beings (some experiments 精品文档
will
succeed, most will fail); or 3) leave medical knowledge static, hoping that accidental discoveries will lead us forward. (Para. 4)
Meaning: According to the author, to reduce the never-ending suffering from these
misfortunes, physicians can only have three options: create an animal model, test on
human beings, or stop doing medical research with the hope that one day some miracle will happen.
Meaning beyond words: The author’s position is indirectly stated that physicians can
only choose the first choice among these three to save the lives of human beings —
create an animal model of the medical problem to imitate and understand the process of
the medical treatment and to test new treatments.
14 claimingSome
animal rights activists would suggest an optional fourth choice, that computer models can create animal experiments, thus omitting actual experiments. (Para. 5)
Meaning: Some animal rights activists might suggest a fourth choice to solve the problem:
use computers to model animal experiments so that animal experiments can be eliminated.
15 complexComputers
can imitate the effects of well-understood principles on systems, as in the application of the laws of physics to airplane and automobile
design. (Para. 5)
Meaning: Computers can model the effects of complex systems if the principles
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are
well-understood, just as we apply the laws of physics to the design of airplanes and
automobiles.
16 However, when the principles themselves are in question, as is the case with the
complex biological systems of human life under study, computer modeling 精品文档
alone is
of little value. (Para. 5)
Meaning: However, computer modeling won’t be of great value when the principles
themselves are questionable such as the complex biological systems of human life which
are stil under study.
Meaning beyond words: The fourth suggestion is obviously not practical since it doesn’t
work with complex systems.
*Sentence structure note “as is the case with …” 句型
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*“as is (often) the case with …” 句型中，as 引导非限制性定语从句，可以放在主句之前或
之后, 表示“跟…的情况一样”。这种句型通常是倒装结构，由 as 引出的从句紧接动词，as 本
身是一个连接词。例如：
*As is the case with most children, Tony likes to play with smal animals. 跟大多精品文档
数孩子一
样，托尼喜欢与小动物玩。
*He was late for school today, as was often the case with him. 他今天上学迟到了，跟他以
往经常发生的情况一样。
17 research isOne of
the terrifying effects of arresting the use of animals in medical that the impact will not be felt for years or even decades. Drugs to cure infection
will remain undiscovered, surgical and diagnostic techniques will remain undeveloped, and fundamental biological processes that might have been understood will remain mysteries. (Para. 6)
Meaning: Here is one of the terrifying effects if animal research is stopped completely:
People won’t see the negative consequences till many years later. For example, new
drugs to cure infection won’t be discovered, surgical and diagnostic techniques won’t be
developed, and fundamental biological processes, which might otherwise be understood,
will continue to be mysteries.
Meaning beyond words: There will be substantially harmful consequences if animal
research is stopped.
18 There is the danger that quick decisions by well-meaning politicians will create
resolution to diplomatically satisfy the small minority of loud protesters while the
consequences and damaging impact of those decisions will not be apparent until
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long after. (Para. 6)
Meaning: To meet the requests from the smal number of noisy protesters, the politicians,
out of good intention, will make quick decisions to diplomatically resolve the problem.
However, these political decisions have disastrous consequences which won’t be seen
until far into the future.
*well-meaning: a. intending to be helpful, but not succeeding 本意良好的，出于精品文档
好意的（但 不成功）
*A lot of problems can be caused by well-meaning friends. 很多问题会由好心办坏事的朋 友引起。
Note: Wel -meaning is a compound adjective, a present participle preceded with an adjective or adverb, such
as good-looking, ugly-looking,easy-looking, tired-looking, hard-working, and ever-lasting.