loadingWaterUseItWisely
1Introduction
Toanswerthe?rstquestionwecalculatedtheprecipitationofcertainregionaccordingtothecyclingprocessofwaterintheearthandatmosphere.Wesubtractedwaterconsump-tion,whichincludingindustrial,irrigationandresidentialuse,fromtheavailablewateramount.Thereareseveralwaystoincreasetheavailablewateramount,suchasexploit-inggroundwater,purifyingwastewater,andretainingstreams.Thuswecandeterminewhetherthereisawatershortageandifthereis,howseveretheproblemis.
Forquestion2weconstructwaterresourcestrategyviatwoways.Ononehand,weclassifythestatesinUSAhomelandinto5regionsaccordingtotheprecipitation.Weuseametaphorwecalledbucketanalogy,whereeachregionisabigbucket,andeachstateisasmallbucket.We?rstlyexaminethewaterabundanceofeachbigbucket,andaccordinglyconducttheprimaryallocation.Thenwehaveasecondaryallocationamongthesmallbucketswithinabigone.Ontheotherhand,were?netheproblembyhaveadeepanalysisonthedetailedconditionofeachstateandreachedanoptimizedplanofwaterallocationandtransportation.
Asforquestion3,wepurposedtobuildreservoirsaccordingtothelocaltopography,andusinglow-costcannelandvaporizationproofpipelineasthemeansoftransportation,soastomaximizingtheutilizationrateofwaterresource.
2Assumptions
?OurmodelexcludedtheprobabilityofwarandmajordisasterinhomelandofUSA.?WealsoassumethattheaveragewaterconsumptioninUSAwillnotchangetoomuch.
?Everyyearhas365days.
3ProblemAnalysis
1.Howtoevaluatetheabundanceofwaterresourceofacertainregion?
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Wefocusonfollowingquestions.
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2.Howtosupportthewater-poorareathoughreasonablereallocation?
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3.Howtomaximizethee?ciencyandbene?tsandreducethecostandlossduringthetransportationofwater?
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4.1
ModelDesign
ClassifyTheStatesOfAmericanAccordingToThePrecip-itaion
Theannualprecipitationispositivelycorrelatedwiththeabundanceoffreshwaterre-source.Thuswetakeprecipitationasaparameterstocalculatethewaterresourceamount.Weclassify48statesinUSAhomelandviaaclusteringanalysisofthetotalprecipita-tionofayearandtheaverageannualprecipitation.Theresultisshownin?gure1.Figure1:Thestatesattributedintosameregionsharesthesamecolor.thevalidationof
Figure1:Classify
area12345Table1:Classi?cationConnecticutArkansasTennesseeKentuckyArizonaColoradoIllinoisDelawarWashingtonVermontWestVirginiaCaliforniaIdahoMinnesotaKansasNewJerseyMassachusettsMontanaNewYorkPennsylvaniaNorthDakotaWisconsinstateFloridaMaineUtahGeorgiaOhioTexasIowaLouisianaMississippiWyomingMarylandMissouriNebraskaMichiganNewHampshireAlabamaRhodeIslandNewMexicoNorthCarolinaIndianaSouthCarolinaVirginiaSouthDakotaOklahomaOregonourmodelissupportedbythechartofstasewidestream?owdistributioninusa,20074.1.1
TheCalculationOfPrecipitation
wecancalculatedtheannualprecipitationinadeterminedregionviafollowingformula
1.
Ai=Si×ai(1)
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inthis:AirepresentstotalannualprecipitationinthisregionSirepresentstotalareainthisregionairepresentsannualprecipitationinnunitarea(i=1,2,3,4,5)AftertheunitconversionwereachedresultsthoroughFomula1.theresultsareshowedintable2
Table2:Precipitation
areaprecipitation/inarea/m2precipitation/mprecipitation/m3precipitation/gallon1696.611.10111×101217.6938941.94828×10135.14678×1015286.142.02104×10122.1879564.42195×10121.16815×10153681.551.59175×101217.311372.75554×10137.27932×10154129.61.92054×10123.291846.32211×10121.67011×10155218.421.44367×10125.5478688.00931×10122.11582×10154.1.2TheCalculationOfAvailableWater
Thetableabovedemostratedtheannualprecipitaionbyregions.thedistributionofameri-canrainfallisillustratedin?gure4[1].Accordingtothedatainthe?gure,66%ofrainfall
Figure2:TheDistributionOfAmericanRainfall
turntothevaporization,8%touseablewater,6%tobackstreamand2%intogroundwater.thedistributionofUSArainfall(gallons)basedonthepercetageandannualpre-cipitaionofeachcertainregionwasshownintable3
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areavaporizationusageback?owwastagegroundwater13.39688×10154.11742×10143.08807×10141.21464×10151.23523×101427.70977×10149.34518×10137.00888×10132.75683×10142.80355×1013Table3:WaterUse34.8044×10155.8235×10144.3676×10141.7179×10151.747×101441.1023×10151.3361×10141.0021×10143.9415×10144.0083×101351.3964×10151.6927×10141.2695×10144.9933×10145.078×10134.2
4.2.1
Demand
IndustrialDemand
Asasuperdevelopedcountry,withahighlydevelopedeconomy.thereforetheindrustrialusageofwateroccupiesthemostportionoftotalwaterconsumption.hereweconductcorrelationtestontheindustrialwaterusageofeachstatein2000-2005[2].thereisahighcorrelaionshipupto.96Accordingtotheresultsshownin?gure4,weassumeUSA,asa
developedcountry,havearelativelystablepaceonitsindusturyacceleration.Thereforeweassumethattheindustrialwaterconsumtionofeachstatesmaitainthesamelevelasin2005before2025.Thoroughtheregiondividationinmodel1wereachedtheannualindustrialwaterconsumptioninthe?veregions(gallons),seetable4.
Table4:IndustrialWaterareausage17.63×101423.8894×101331.042×101541.8862×101452.2209×10144.2.2AgriculturalDemand
Theagricultureisalso?ourishinUSA.considerableamountofthewateriscostinirri-gation.Wegatheredthedataofwaterconsumptioninirrigationin2000and2005.Thecorrelationisalsotestedandtheresultissimilarlyhigh,upto.97,asshownin?gure6.Wecollectedthepopulationofeachstatesin2000-2012.Wemadeanticipationofthe
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popoulationbystatesin2013-2015accordingtomalthus’spopulationmodel.andthepopulationineachregionsde?nedinmodel1isshownintable6.Theagriculturein
Table5:IrrigationWater2345.20896×10159.2866×10147.6728×1015areatotal11.95381×101551.3225×1015Americaisalsohighlydeveloped,andtherewillunlikelybechangesintheareaofUSAhomeland,theirrigationwaterwouldnotchangeinacertaintimerange.Weassumethatirrigationwaterin2013-2025matainthesamelevelasin2005.4.2.3
ResidentialDemand
wecollectedthepopulationofeachstatesin2000-2012[4].wemadeanticipationofthepopoulationbystatesin2013-2015accordingtomalthus’spopulationmodel.andthepopulationineachregionsde?nedinmodel1isshownintable6.wecancalculatedresidentialwaterconsumtionviafollowingformula2.
Bij=qij×λ
(2)
inthis:Bijtheresidentialwaterconsumptionattimejinregioni.qijthepopulationattimejinregioni.λannualpercapitaconsumptionofwater(i=1,2,3,4,5)(j=2013,2014···2025)ThoroughFomula2.theresultsareshowedintable7
4.3ThePrimaryUseOfRainfallWater
Wegotwateruseandwatersupply,andthenaccordingtothefollowingformulawegettheareaamomentcanusewatersurplusquantity.
R=U?PU=M+N+G
inthis:Rstandsforrisidualamountofavailablewater.UstandsforusageamountPisportionofuageMisresidentialconsumptionNisirrigationconsumptionGisindustrial
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