loading现在完成时和现在完成进行时
一、现在完成时用来表示发生在过去的动作或状态，但其结果却和现在有联系。
现在完成时由“have / has + 动词过去分词”构成，现在完成时的被动语态的基本构成为“have / has been + 动词过去分词”。 现在完成时常用于以下几种情况：
1．动作开始于过去，结束于过去，但对现在仍有影响。
2．动作发生于过去一直延续到现在，这个动作可能是某种状态习惯性动作。 3．现在完成时还可以用来表示过去某一时间到现在这段时间内反复发生的动作。
和现在完成时态连用的时间状语主要有以下三种： 1．句中出现just，never，ever，already，yet，lately , recently，before, these years / months / days等词时。
2．句中出现“for + 时间段”或since + 时间点或since引导的时间状语从句（一般多为过去时）。
3．句中出现up to now（直到现在），so far（到目前为止），since then，in the past / last + 表示一段时间的词语时。
【注意】含有终止或短暂意义的动词在肯定句中不能和一段时间搭配，这类动词常见
的有：begin，end，come，go，leave，join，die，marry等。 现在完成时与一般过去时的区别：
1．现在完成时常表示动作或状态延伸到现在，如： He has lived in Tianjin for ten years.
一般过去时虽也可指延伸，但它不能延伸到现在。 He lived in Tianjin for ten years.
2．一般过去时只表示某个动作或状态曾经发生过，与现在并无联系，而现在完成时则表示过去的动作或状态对现在有影响。
We’d better stop her from doing such hard work, for she has been seriously ill.（过去的动作对现在造成了影响）
He was ill last week.（并没有涉及现在的情况） 3．现在完成时的时间状语可以同不确定的过去时间状语连用（如already，just，before，recently等），还可以同包括现在时间在内的时间状语连用（如today，this morning，this month，this year等），还可以和时间段连用。
一般过去时一般与表示过去的时间状语连用（如yesterday，last week），也可以和today，this morning等连用，但是动作发生在过去。 I’ve seen him this May.（说话时还是五月） I saw him this May.（说话时五月已经过去）
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二、现在完成进行时由“助动词have / has + been + 动词的现在分词”构成，即have
/ has been doing，其否定形式是在have / has后面加not，一般疑问句把have / has提到句首即可。
1．表示从过去某时开始一直延续到说话时还在进行的动作，可能还会继续进行下去，它通常和“for + 时间段”或“since + 时间点 / 从句”连用。
2．表示从过去某时开始，一直延续到说话的时刻，刚刚结束的动作，在某种情况下与现在有关联。
【注意】1）有些不能用于现在进行时的动词（如be，have，like，love，know，see，
hear等），同样也不能用于现在完成进行时，而应使用现在完成时。
2）表示短暂动作的动词（如finish，marry，come，go等）不能用于现在完
成进行时。
时态对比：
1．现在完成进行时与现在进行时比较：现在完成进行时强调某一动作从过去一直延续到现在，而现在进行时只指目前正在发生的动作。 Susan has been reading that storybook since last night. Susan is reading a storybook now. 2．现在完成进行时与现在完成时比较：现在完成进行时和现在完成时都表示动作从过去开始，但是现在完成时表示动作刚结束，而现在完成进行时则强调动作仍在继续。
They have been repairing the broken road. 他们一直在维修那条被损坏的道路。（动作仍在继续） They have already repaired the broken road. 他们把那条被损坏的路修好了。（动作已经结束） 3．现在完成进行时通常与all morning / afternoon / day或the whole day等连用，never，yet，already和ever等词可用于现在完成时，不能用于现在完成进行时。
4．现在完成进行时表示一种不间断的持续性行为，提问时用how long；如果表示动作反复发生用现在完成时，提问时用how many times。 —How long have you been writing this letter? —I’ve been writing it for two hours.
—How many times have you written to him?
—I’ve written to him three times, but I haven’t heard from him up till now.
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Multiple Choice:
1. I ________ in Nanjing for 20 years. I like everything here. A. work B. worked C. has worked D. have worked
2. —Jenny ________ to New York for an important meeting. She will be back next week. —Really? Do you know when she ________? A. went; has left B. went; had left C. has been; left D. has gone; left 3. This is the third time that the great scientist ________ the city of Shanghai. A. is visiting B. has visited C. visited D. had visited 4. —She ________ to play the piano already. —Great! When ________ she start? —Last month. A. learned; has B. learned; did C. has learned; has D. has learned; did 5. The student has been _______ the novel since he finished school. A. wrote B. writing C. written D. writes 6. —Hi, David. You look so tired. What’s going on? —I ________ the classroom for 2 hours. A. am cleaning B. was cleaning C. have been clearing D. had cleaned 7. Lily can’t go to the theatre with me because her report ________ yet.
A. didn’t finish B. isn’t finished C. hasn’t finished D. hasn’t been finished
8. Visitors are asked to make sure that they ________ the right ticket before leaving the room.
A. will give B. have been given C. have given D. will be given 9. The young girl sitting next to me at the airport is very nervous, for she ________ so far. A. hasn’t flown B. didn’t fly C. hadn’t flown D. wasn’t flying 10. The house belongs to my sister, but she ________ here for two years. A. hasn’t lived B. didn’t live C. hadn’t lived D. doesn’t live 11. —Are you busy recently, Ken?
—Yes, I ________ the coming speech contest. It will be held next week. A. have prepared for B. prepare for C. had prepared for D. have been preparing for 12. The living room is very dirty because it ________ for quite a few days. A. hasn’t been cleaned B. wasn’t cleaned C. hadn’t been cleaned D. hasn’t cleaned 13. The country life he was used to ________ greatly since 1995. A. change B. has changed C. changing D. have changed 14. Sorry, I can’t go to the concert with you because I ________ my ticket. A. am missing B. have lost C. was losing D. have missed 15. —When did you get go know him?
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—I ________ him since 1990. A. knew B. have known Ⅱ. 根据所给动词的适当形式填空
C. have been knowing D. have got to know
1. Sorry, I’m full. I (have) supper already.
2. Li Ming (go) abroad last year. We (not hear) from each other since then. 3. —The window is dirty.
—I know. It (not clean) for weeks. 4. I’m sorry for what I just (say). 5. —Where is Tim?
—He to Australia. It is said that he will come back next month. 6. The reporter said that the UFO was traveling from the east to the west when he (see) it.
7. Now that he is out of a job, John (consider) going back to school, but he hasn’t decided yet.
8. I (fall) asleep while reading the English textbook. Luckily, my deskmate woke me up in time!
9. Great charges (take) place in my hometown in the past three years. 10. It (be) the third time that she had been to Nanjing that year. Ⅲ.将下列句子译成英语 1．我们从孩提时代就是好朋友。
2．自从1978年以来，我就在这所大学任教。
3．我已在此等了近两个小时，可他还没来。
4．李明是我曾经教过的最好学生。
5．他昨晚一定发生了什么事。
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