loading第一章 基本句型
1．句子成分
1）主语：表示句子所说为何人或何物，可由名词（词组）、代词、数词、不定式（短语）、动词-ing 形式（短语）和名词从句等充当。
A foreign language is a weapon in the struggle of life. The farmer plowed his field. He enjoys camping in the mountains. To translate this ideal into reality needs hard work. Living in that island country for three months was an unforgettable experience for me. Two will be enough.
Whether we’ll go depends on the weather. That they failed in their attempt is entirely understandable.
2) 谓语：说明主语做什么或是什么，由动词充当，须与主语保持人称和数的一致。动词的性质决定其是否必须跟主语补语、宾语、宾语补语以及状语等后续成分。 People’s standards of living are going up steadily. I may be wrong. He watched horrified by the terrible accident. I stood on the porch, dumb, expectant. She left the room angry and frustrated. She looked sad and discouraged. We have long been hoping to visit your country. We have to do something for them. It was proposed that he cultural relations between the two countries be expanded. For many years he remained single. He is called Little Tiger. 3) 表语：说明主语是什么或怎么样，可由名词（词组）、代词、数词、形容词、分词、动名词、不定式（短语）、副词、介词短语、词组、从句等充当。
He still remained a hero in people’s minds. What nationality is he? That’s something we have always to keep in mind. Seventy-four! You don’t look it. She was the first to learn about it. His hair has gone white. Her first job had been selling computers. Time is pressing. Let’s hurry up. The thing for her to have done was to have run away from her home, but she never did. All I could do was send him a telegram. We must be off now. The proof of the pudding is in the eating. She felt at ease and confident in the future. They are twice the size of chickens. That would be a great weight off my mind.
4) 宾语：表示动作行为的对象，由名词、代词、数词、名词化的形容词或其他东西、动名词（短语），不定式（短语）、复合结构、从句等充当。
Show your passports, please! They didn’t promise him anything definite. -- How many do you need? -- We need two. They carried the seriously wounded. I enjoyed working with you. Hope to see you again. You will find the pain easing up in a few hours. I’ll get it stamped. See that everything is ready by half past ten. Did you write down what she said?
◆ 介词宾语：介词不能在句中独立充当一个成分，而需和一个名词或与之相当的东西构成介词短语，来在句中充当一个成分。和介词构成短语的那个部分称为介词宾语。能充当介词宾语的主要有名词、代词、动名词（短语）、由连接代（副）词引起的从句或不定式短语。 It’s going to be windy tomorrow according to the weather forecast. How much luggage can I take with me? She is fond of skating.
I’m thinking of how we can fulfil the task ahead of time. He gave a lesson on how to improve soil.
5) 宾语补语：用来补充说明宾语，可由名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、不定式短语、动词-ing形式以及动词-ed形式等充当。
6) 定语：用来修饰名词或代词，由形容词、代词、数词、名词或名词所有格、分词（短语）、不定式（短语）、介词短语、副词、从句等充当。
Our government tries in every way to satisfy our need. He gave a vivid description of the battle. Our two hundred thousand auto workers are out on strike. We belong to the third world.
They are to send a government trade delegation to China. His words moved everyone present. What’s your government’s policy towards these countries?
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Do you know the number of foreign guests coming to the party?
Their aim is to find ways to satisfy the peasants’ demand ―to change low-yielding land to high-yielding land.‖ Those under 18 must not carry weight above 10.25 kilograms. They should have told us if there was anything up. This is the only reference book there is on the subject.
7) 状语：用来修饰动词、形容词或副词，表示谓语的时间、地点、方式、目的、程度，通常由副词(短语)、介词短语、不定式（短语）、分词（短语）、形容词、词组、复合结构、从句等充当。有时，还可用名词充当。
Theoretically you’re right, but things may not work like that in fact. They did everything they could to save the worker’s life. She did this out of kindness. Please fill in the card giving all the information required. They all rushed over, eager to help. Compared to many women, she was indeed very fortunate. She jumped ten feet. When I was ill she nursed me day and night. We have been sitting here hours waiting for you. That being the case, we’ll have to reconsider the whole thing. We did it only because we had to.
2．基本句型
1）主—系—表
此句型中动词为联系动词： A. be动词
B. 表示“变得，成为”的动词：become, come, get, go, grow, run, turn, fall, etc. C. 表示“保持某一状态”的动词：continue, hold, keep, remain, stay, stand, etc. D. 表示“看起来，好象”的动词：appear, look, seem, etc. E. 表示“感官”的动词：feel, smell, sound, taste, etc. I am a student. She is pretty. Tom’s wish has come true. The river grows wider. The weather turned cold. The milk remained fresh for a week. The weather continued warm. John stood loyal to his friend. The house appears large. Your sister seemed unwell. Your sentence sounds right. The apple tastes sour. 2) 主—谓
该句型中动词为不及物动词，不带宾语。 The girl smiles. The birds are flying in the sky. 3) 主—谓—宾
该句型中动词为及物动词，带宾语。 They speak English. The boy plays football very well. 4) 主—谓—间宾(人)—直宾(物) (双宾语) ① 该句型中动词为及物动词，带宾语。
Ann gave her daughter a beautiful doll. The mother will buy the girl a dress.
② 间接宾语后移时，必须在它的前面加to, for等介词。强调间接宾语是动作的接受者用to（给）; 强调间接宾语是动作的受益者用for（为）。
③ 直接宾语为代词时，必须紧跟在动词后面。
She posted it for Jack. Mary gave it to me. 5) 主—谓—宾—宾补 （复合宾语） ① 该句型中动词为及物动词，带宾语。
② 常用的这类动词有：believe, hold, call, consider, find, hear, make, name, elect, select, appoint, vote, etc. The presents made the children happy.
The teacher asked us to write a composition yesterday. 6) There—谓—主 There is a book on the table. In the valley there lies a river. There is a book and two pens on the table.
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① 该句型中动词为两类
A. be动词的相应形式
There had been a leak in the chemical container before it exploded.
There must be peaceful answers to the world’s problems. There is a garage across the street. There was half a tankful of petrol in the car yesterday.
There have always been wars in the world. There will be no problem about it. B. 不及物动词，如：exist, lie, live, remain, stand, etc. There stands a house on the top of the hill.
② 此句型中，若主语不止一个，根据“就近一致”原则处理主谓一致关系。
There is a pen and two books on the desk. There are two books and a pen on the desk. ③ 此句型中，主语为非限定性主语，即主语前不可用the, this, that, these, those, all, every等词修饰。 ④ 此句型中不能使用表示“有”、“拥有”含义的have。 There are thirty students in the classroom. 不能说：There have thirty students in the classroom.
注：主谓一致：谓语动词在人称、数上必须与主语保持一致。
第二章 动词的时态和语态
第一节 时 态
1．英语一共有十六个时态
一般现在时 一般过去时 一般将来时 一般过去将来时 现在进行时 过去进行时 将来进行时 过去将来进行时 现在完成时 过去完成时 将来完成时 过去将来完成时 现在完成进行时 过去完成进行时 将来完成进行时 过去将来完成进行时 2．谓语动词的形式 (以do为例)
1）一般时态：do
① 一般现在时用动词原形，但第三人称单数后要加词尾 –s; A．在词尾加 –s的规则 情 况 加 法 例 词 reads, writes, says 一般情况 加-s 以-ch, -sh, -s, -x, -o结尾的词 加-es teaches, washes, guesses, fixes, goes 以“辅音字母+y‖ 结尾的词 变y为i再加 es try—tries, carry—carries B．be和have有特殊的三人称形式： be—is, have—has. ② 一般过去时用动词的过去式；
③ 一般将来时用shall 或will加动词原形；
④ 一般过去将来时用should 或would加动词原形。 2) 进行时态： be doing ① 现在分词的构成 情 况 加 法 一般情况 以字母e 结尾的词 加 –ing 去e 加 –ing 例 词 go—going, study—studying live—living, move—moving (但being) plan—planning,get—getting, sit—sitting, begin—beginning (但opening, backing) prefer—preferring, refer—referring (但appear--appearing) 以重读闭音节结尾，末尾又将末尾的辅音字只有一个辅音字母 母双写，再加-ing 以字母r结尾，前面只有一个双写r, 再加-ing 元音字母，且末音节重读 ② 少数动词的现在分词为不规则变化 3
die—dying, lie—lying, tie—tying; hoe—hoeing, toe—toeing, dye—dyeing; panic—panicking, picnic--picnicking; age—ag(e)ing; etc.
3) 完成时态：have done ① 规则动词的过去式与过去分词变化规则如下表： 情 况 加 法 例 词 want—wanted, expect—expected 一般情况 加-ed 以字母e 结尾的词 以“辅音字母+y‖ 结尾的词 加-d 变y为i再加 –ed live—lived, try—tried, study—studied (但: stayed) plan—planned, permit—permitted; (但opened, backed) prefer—preferred, refer—referred (但appear--appeared) 以重读闭音节结尾，末尾又只将末尾的辅音字有一个辅音字母 母双写，再加-ed 以字母r结尾，前面只有一个双写r, 再加-ed 元音字母，且末音节重读 ② 不规则动词：此类变化须特别记忆。（不规则动词的过去式与过去分词见本章附录）
arise, arose, arisen; awake, awoke/awaked, awoken/awaked; be, was/were, been; beat, beat, beaten; bear(生)，bore, borne/born(用于被动语态)； bear(负，带), bore, borne; become, became, become; begin, began, begun; bet, bet/betted, bet/betted; etc.
4) 完成进行时态：have been doing ◆ 以write为例，具体的时态形式为：
现在 过去 将来 过去将来 一般时态 write/ writes wrote shall /will write 进行时态 am/ are/ is writing was/were writing shall/will be writing 完成时态 has/ have written had written 完成进行时态 has/have been writing had been writing shall/will have been writing should/would have been writing shall/will have written should/would write should/would be writing should/would have written 3. 具体时态
1) 一般现在时
① 构成及句式变化：借助be动词的适当形式或助动词do, does构成各种句式。
◆ 特殊疑问句的构成：特殊疑问词 + 助动词 + 句子其他成分。但对主语提问时例外，直接把主语换为疑问词即可。
She decided to retire that winter. When did she decide to retire? Who decided to retire that winter? ② 用法
A. 表示现在经常性和习惯性的动作；
We always care for each other and help each other. They raise ducks as a sideline. It seldom snows here. B. 表示现在的特征或状态；
She is always ready to help others. He loves sports. I major in English. Peru shares a border with Chile. C. 表示普遍真理、格言等；
The moon moves around the earth. Actions speak louder than words. D. 在引用书面材料时，用say，teach, stress等词，且常用一般现在时。
Shakespeare says, ― All the world is a stage.‖ Chaucer writes that love is blind. The book teaches us to honour our parents. E. 用于解说、舞台说明、戏剧性描绘等；
Henry takes the ball forward quickly and pushes the ball to Smart. Now Smart gathers the ball.
F. 表将来意义: 表示一个按规定、时刻表、计划或安排要发生的情况，常用于表 ―出发‖、―开始‖、―来往‖等的动词，如：go, come, start, leave, return, arrive, etc. 并常与表将来时间的副词连用。 I leave for Shanghai on Sunday. They start on their trip tomorrow.
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