loading非谓语动词用法比较
主动语态 do 一般式 进行式 to do to do ing to be doing 完成式 一般式 完成式 主 宾 √ √ 表 √ √ √ 定 √ √ √ 状 √ √ √ 补 √ √ √ 前面 直接 加not to have been √ done having been done √ 被动语态 句法功能 否定式 to have done to be done having done being done doing ed done vt.(被动完成) risen vi (主动完成) 辑主语及复合结构 不定式 for/of sb to do sb:宾格/名词 -ing 过去分词 主格代词/名词+done (作状语) 1.主格代词/名词+doing (作状语) 2.形物代/宾格和名词所有格/普通格 +doing(作主,宾语)
一．不定式和-ing形式作主语的区别
1. -ing和不定式都可以作主语，-ing作主语表示一般或抽象的多次性行为;不定式作主语往往表示具体的或一次性的动作。
Smoking is forbidden here．这里禁止抽烟。(抽象) Learning a foreign language is very useful. It is not very good for you to smoke so much．你抽这么多烟对你身体很不好。(具体) 2.不定式做主语，一般用it作形式主语，把作主语的不定式短语后置。常见句型有it is adj. (of/for sb.) to do sth. It took will and patience to do anything well. It is nice of you to say so.
3.-ing在“It is no use/ no good/useless + doing”等结构中作主语，it为形式主语；其他情况doing直接做主语。 It is no good writing to him; he never answers letters.写信给他不妥，他从来不回信。 It is no good crying the spilt milk.覆水难收
4. 主表对称原则Seeing is believing. To see is to believe. 二．不定式和ing形式作宾语的区别
1.-ing形式作宾语常表示一般的、经常性的行为，而不定式作宾语表示特定的、具体的、一次性动作 I like swimming, but I don’t like to swim today.
2. 1)有些动词或短语要求只接不定式作宾语：hope/ manage/ refuse/ pretend/ plan/ offer/ decide/ agree/ fail/ afford/ happen/ should(would) like(love)/ be likely + to do 2)有些动词或短语只接ing作宾语：enjoy喜欢；mind在意；practise练习；avoid避免；finish 完成； prevent 防止；appreciate 欣赏；suggest 建议；delay 耽搁； imagine 想象； keep 保留； risk 冒险； dislike 讨厌；excuse 原谅； miss 错过；forgive 宽恕；admit 承认； can’t stand 忍不住； feel like 想要；give up 放弃； put off 推迟；object to反对; look forward to期望, keep on一直, set about着手, She finished reading the book (看完这本书）yesterday.
Will you admit having broken the window? 你承认不承认打破了窗户？ Do you feel like taking a walk? 你要不要去散步？
We are looking forward to coming to China. 我们期待着来中国。 Do you mind my smoking in the room？你介意我在室内吸烟吗？ 三．作宾补时,三者的区别
1.有些动词接不定式作宾补：（和宾语有主谓关系强调动作将发生或已经完成；表一次性动作） ①Tell/ order/ persuade/ invite/ force /warn / encourage/ get/ ask + sb to do
He asked me to finish it in time. The teacher told me to clean the blackboard. ②feel(一感); hear\\ listen to(二听); have \\ make\\ let(三使)；see\\ watch\\ observe\\ notice\\ look at\\ find (六看) +
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sb do等感官使役动词后跟不定式作宾补省略to,但被动以后要还原to. （表全过程）
I heard him call me several times. I heard her sing the song many times.
2.有些动词接ing作宾补： feel(一感); hear\\ listen to(二听); have \\get \\ leave\\keep (四使)；see\\ watch\\ observe\\ notice\\ look at\\ find (六看) +sb doing (强调动作正在进行或一直做某事；用延续性动词)
I found her listening to the radio.
I heard her singing the song when I passed her room.
3. 有些动词后跟过去分词作宾补：feel(一感); hear\\ listen to(二听); make\\ let \\get\\ have\\ leave\\ keep\\ (六使)；see\\ watch\\ observe\\ notice\\ look at\\ find (六看) +sb done （表动作已经完成，多强调状态，表被动）
Speak louder so that you can make yourself heard. We found the village greatly changed. I heard the song sung in English many times. 四．作表语时,三者的区别
1).不定式作表语一般表示具体动作，特别是表示将来的动作。 My job is to help the patient now.（ 说明主语具体内容） 2) -ing形式作表语：
①表示抽象的、一般性的行为。（说明主语具体内容，主表可换位） His hobby is collecting stamps． Her job is looking after the child. ②表“令人如何如何”（主语所具有的特征），如： astonishing\\ exciting\\ moving\\ surprising\\ tiring\\ interesting\\ amusing\\ shocking\\ worrying
His report is interesting. The music sounds exciting.
3)---V-ed：“让人感到如何如何”（主语所处的状态）如：astonished\\ excited\\ moved\\ surprised\\ tired\\ interested\\ amused\\ shocked\\ worried\\ disappointed\\ drunk\\ frightened\\ married\\ confused\\ pleased\\ puzzled\\ satisfied等
The cups are broken. She is interested in the job. Cleaning women in big cities usually get paid by the hour. 五．作定语时三者的区别
1.不定式作定语表未来的动作且后置，若为动宾关系，动词须为及物动词，常常修饰代词
anything/something /noting; 名词 chance/ opportunity等 或由序数或形容词最高级修饰的名词。 You are the third one to enter the room. I have something important to say. I need a pen to write with. The question to be discussed tomorrow will be important. 2.-ing作定语
①表多位于其前表示其性能、用途（无时间性） He has a reading room. a sleeping car
②表正在进行（主谓关系）即主动进行，可换为定语从句;
a sleeping boy The girl gathering flowers is beautiful. The question being discussed now is important.
3.过去分词作定语有（动宾关系，表完成）即被动完成或完成，可换为定语从句。 a broken cup The question discussed yesterday is important.
All the people invited to the meeting are VIP. (All the people who are invited to the meeting are VIP. ) We can see a lot of fallen leaves on the ground. (We can see a lot of leaves which have fallen on the ground. )
六．作状语时,三者的区别
1)不定式作状语通常表示①原因(谓动之后) ②目的(可用so as to/in order to替换 ) ③结果/程度(意想不到的结果，常为only to do)
We were very excited to hear the news． To get there on time I got up very early. He travelled around the world to give lectures.
He rushed to school only to find there was nobody there.
2)-ing或过去分词作状语通常表示①原因 ②时间 ③条件 ④让步 ⑤结果 ⑥伴随（逗号）
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(主语一致性；-ing表主动，过去分词表被动)
Hearing a sound, the baby stopped crying. Given an apple, the child stopped crying. Not satisfied with the result, we decided to do the experiment again. Having lived in the country for many years, she knows how to grow vegetables.
Not having received any news from home for a long time, she is becoming more and more homesick. When/If heated, ice will be changed into water.
Seen from the top of the mountain, the village looks very small. Being very small, computers are widely used.
His parents died, leaving him an orphan. He cut off the electricity, preventing an accident. The teacher entered the room, followed by some students. The teacher entered the room and he was followed by some students. 非谓语动词特殊用法： 一.下列情况用不定式：
①.sth. be adj(hard\\difficult\\easy\\heavy) to do The question is difficult to answer. ②.sb. have sth. to do I have a lot of work to do. ③.There be sth. to do There is nothing to talk about. ④.find (think\\feel\\consider\\make\\believe) it adj to do sth ⑤一般介词后面不可用不定式作宾语（except, but除外）
He has no choice but to lie down and sleep. She did nothing but cry.
二．在have difficulty (trouble, problem, a hard time, fun, a good time) (+in) + doing； be busy (in) +doing；等结构中，in常要省去。
The children are busy doing their homework.孩子们忙于做作业。 三．在（be）worth后面只能用-ing的主动态来表示被动意义。 His suggestion is worth considering.他的提议值得考虑。
可转换成：His suggestion is worthy to be considered/of being considered..
四．下列动词即可不定式作宾语也可不定式作宾补：want\\expect\\wish\\promise +(sb) to do 五．get\\ have \\ leave\\keep +sb doing (使…处于某状态) I’m sorry I’ve kept you waiting. 六．注意下列动词的用法：
allow \\ advise\\forbid\\permit\\intend (sb) \\consider（认为\\考虑）---sb to do\\ doing be used to ---do被用来做某事doing习惯做某事
can't help--- doing 情不自禁做某事\\ to do不能帮助做某事
love， like ，prefer--- doing一般性经常动作\\ to do 一次性动作 need，require，want (需要)--- doing= to be done try--- to do 试图做某事\\ doing 试着做某事
start，begin，continue,（两种形式意义区别不大）--- doing\\ to do stop--- to do 去做另一事\\ doing 停止做某事
go on--- to do 继续做另一件事\\ doing 继续做同一件事 mean--- to do 想要做某事\\ doing 意味做某事
remember, forget, regret --- doing ing动作先于谓动\\ to do 不定式动作后于谓动 七．固定搭配 ：必须用-ed做状语
be located in be buried in be lost in thought be dressed in be caught in the rain be satisfied with be seated be engaged in 八．独立成分作状语
Generally speaking 一般来说 judging from/by 根据…来判断
Frankly speaking 坦白的说 considering 考虑到 To tell you the truth 说实话
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