loading学科知识与教学能力笔记（英语）
一、语音考点 （一）元音Vowels 考点1：元音的舌位图
我们先来看看英语单元音的舌位图（P70）。图的左方为口腔的前部，右方为其后部。竖线把舌头分成前中后三个部分；横线表示牙床的开合程度，图中的圆点表示元音音素发音时舌头抬得最高的那一部分在口腔中的位置。
从图中可以看到，/i:/与/?/都是前元音,但是发/i:/时牙床近于全合；发/?/时，牙床近于全开。可见，发音时调节口的开张程度就产生的不同的前元音。
单元音可按发音时舌头前、中、后哪一部分抬得最高而分成三类：前元音，中元音，后元音（back vowels）。
元音一般从四个方面进行描述：舌位（high, mid, low），舌头最高部位的位置（front, central, back），长度（long, short）或紧张度（tense, lax），唇的开口度（rounded, unrounded）
音标描述汇总：
[i:] high front tense unrounded vowel [?] high front lax unrounded vowel [u:] high back tense rounded vowel [?]即[u] high back lax rounded vowel [З:]或[?:] central tense unrounded vowel [?] central lax unrounded vowel
[e] mid-high front lax unrounded vowel [?] low front lax unrounded vowel [Λ] mid-low back lax unrounded vowel
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[?:] mid-low back tense rounded vowel [?] low back lax rounded vowel [ɑ:] low back tense unrounded vowel
考点2：专有名词
基本元音 Cardinal Vowels
纯元音Pure Vowels/单元音 Monophthong Vowels
滑元音Vowels glides：There is an audible change of quality. ——If a single movement of the tongue is involved, the glides are called双元音Diphthongs
如：[eI] from mid-low front to high front
[aI] [?I] [??] [a?] [I?] [e?] [??] 略
A double movement produces 三元音Triphthong 例如：tower中[a??]
发音过程中，音质有听觉上的变化，如果舌运动一次，其滑动导致双元音，舌运动两次产生三元音 （二）辅音Consonants
Consonants are sounds produced by constricting or obstructing the vocal tract at some place to divert, impede or completely shut off the flow of air in the oral cavity.
Vowels元音: produced without such obstruction so no turbulence or a total stopping of the air can be perceived.
区别：the distinction between vowels and consonants lies in the obstruction of airstream.阻塞气流。
发音时，声道的某些部位受到挤压或阻碍后，使得气流在口腔里转向、受阻或完全被阻挡。 考点1：Manners of articulation发音方式 stops 爆破音 [p, b, t, d, k, g] nasal鼻音 [m, n, ?]
fricative摩擦音 [f, v, θ, e, s, z, ∫, ?, h]、 approximant近似音 [w, r, j ]、 lateral边音 [l]、
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Which of the following words does not contain a fricative? A. Five B. change C. show D. three 因为change有两个摩擦音 affricate塞擦音 [ts, dz, tr, dr]
考点2：Places of articulation发音部位
bilabial双唇音、labiodental唇齿、dental齿间 、
例题：The phoneme[n]—[m] alveolar齿龈、postalveolar齿龈后 、retroflex卷舌音、open book √ open market √ brown palatal 硬腭、velar软腭、glottal声门[h]. 总结：
[p] voiceless bilabial stop [b] voiced bilabial stop [t] voiceless alveolar stop [d] voiced alveolar stop [k] voiceless velar stop [g] voiced velar stop [m] bilabial nasal [n] alveolar nasal [?] velar nasal
[f] voiceless labiodental fricative [v] voiced labiodental fricative [?] voiceless dental fricative [e] voiced dental fricative
[s] voiceless alveolar fricative [z] voiced alveolar fricative [∫] voiceless postalveolar fricative [?] voiced postalveolar fricative [h] glottal fricative
[t∫] voiceless postalveolar affricate [d?] voiced postalveolar affricate [l ] alveolar lateral
[r] alveolar approximant [w] bilabial approximant [j] palatal approximant
paper √ brown hat × 看第二个单词音标是什么 （三）Assimilation同化现象：a process by which one sound takes
on some or all characteristics of a neighboring sound. Nasalization鼻音化、cap can Dentalization齿音、tent tenth
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Velarization软腭 since sink
Voiced frication有声擦音→voiceless无声擦音/__voiceless清音 five past/ has to/ have to [h?f tu ]
are all instances Assimilation. is often used synonymously with coarticulation协同发音If the sound becomes more like the following sound, as in the case of lamb, it is known as anticipatory
coarticulation(先期协同发音). If the sound shows the influence of the preceding sound, it is perseverative coarticulation（后滞协同发音）, as is the case of map.
（四）Suprasegmental Features超音段特征
the aspects of speech that involve more than single sound segments. The principal suprasegmental features 特征are syllable音节, stress重音, tone声调, and intonation语调
考点： 重音Stress
In general situations, notional words实词 are normally stressed while structural words虚词 are unstressed.
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